312 lines
14 KiB
Text
312 lines
14 KiB
Text
1 Introduction to GRUB
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**********************
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1.1 Overview
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============
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Briefly, a "boot loader" is the first software program that runs when a
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computer starts. It is responsible for loading and transferring control
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to an operating system "kernel" software (such as Linux or GNU Mach).
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The kernel, in turn, initializes the rest of the operating system (e.g.
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a GNU system).
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GNU GRUB is a very powerful boot loader, which can load a wide
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variety of free operating systems, as well as proprietary operating
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systems with chain-loading(1) (*note Overview-Footnote-1::). GRUB is
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designed to address the complexity of booting a personal computer; both
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the program and this manual are tightly bound to that computer platform,
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although porting to other platforms may be addressed in the future.
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One of the important features in GRUB is flexibility; GRUB
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understands filesystems and kernel executable formats, so you can load
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an arbitrary operating system the way you like, without recording the
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physical position of your kernel on the disk. Thus you can load the
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kernel just by specifying its file name and the drive and partition
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where the kernel resides.
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When booting with GRUB, you can use either a command-line interface
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(*note Command-line interface::), or a menu interface (*note Menu
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interface::). Using the command-line interface, you type the drive
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specification and file name of the kernel manually. In the menu
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interface, you just select an OS using the arrow keys. The menu is
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based on a configuration file which you prepare beforehand (*note
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Configuration::). While in the menu, you can switch to the command-line
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mode, and vice-versa. You can even edit menu entries before using them.
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In the following chapters, you will learn how to specify a drive, a
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partition, and a file name (*note Naming convention::) to GRUB, how to
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install GRUB on your drive (*note Installation::), and how to boot your
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OSes (*note Booting::), step by step.
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(1) "chain-load" is the mechanism for loading unsupported operating
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systems by loading another boot loader. It is typically used for
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loading DOS or Windows.
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1.2 History of GRUB
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===================
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GRUB originated in 1995 when Erich Boleyn was trying to boot the GNU
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Hurd with the University of Utah's Mach 4 microkernel (now known as GNU
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Mach). Erich and Brian Ford designed the Multiboot Specification (*note
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Multiboot Specification: (multiboot)Top.), because they were determined
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not to add to the large number of mutually-incompatible PC boot methods.
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Erich then began modifying the FreeBSD boot loader so that it would
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understand Multiboot. He soon realized that it would be a lot easier to
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write his own boot loader from scratch than to keep working on the
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FreeBSD boot loader, and so GRUB was born.
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Erich added many features to GRUB, but other priorities prevented him
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from keeping up with the demands of its quickly-expanding user base. In
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1999, Gordon Matzigkeit and Yoshinori K. Okuji adopted GRUB as an
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official GNU package, and opened its development by making the latest
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sources available via anonymous CVS. *Note Obtaining and Building
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GRUB::, for more information.
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Over the next few years, GRUB was extended to meet many needs, but it
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quickly became clear that its design was not keeping up with the
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extensions being made to it, and we reached the point where it was very
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difficult to make any further changes without breaking existing
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features. Around 2002, Yoshinori K. Okuji started work on PUPA
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(Preliminary Universal Programming Architecture for GNU GRUB), aiming to
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rewrite the core of GRUB to make it cleaner, safer, more robust, and
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more powerful. PUPA was eventually renamed to GRUB 2, and the original
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version of GRUB was renamed to GRUB Legacy. Small amounts of
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maintenance continued to be done on GRUB Legacy, but the last release
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(0.97) was made in 2005 and at the time of writing it seems unlikely
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that there will be another.
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By around 2007, GNU/Linux distributions started to use GRUB 2 to
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limited extents, and by the end of 2009 multiple major distributions
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were installing it by default.
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1.3 Differences from previous versions
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======================================
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GRUB 2 is a rewrite of GRUB (*note History::), although it shares many
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characteristics with the previous version, now known as GRUB Legacy.
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Users of GRUB Legacy may need some guidance to find their way around
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this new version.
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* The configuration file has a new name ('grub.cfg' rather than
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'menu.lst' or 'grub.conf'), new syntax (*note Configuration::) and
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many new commands (*note Commands::). Configuration cannot be
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copied over directly, although most GRUB Legacy users should not
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find the syntax too surprising.
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* 'grub.cfg' is typically automatically generated by 'grub-mkconfig'
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(*note Simple configuration::). This makes it easier to handle
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versioned kernel upgrades.
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* Partition numbers in GRUB device names now start at 1, not 0 (*note
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Naming convention::).
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* The configuration file is now written in something closer to a full
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scripting language: variables, conditionals, and loops are
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available.
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* A small amount of persistent storage is available across reboots,
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using the 'save_env' and 'load_env' commands in GRUB and the
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'grub-editenv' utility. This is not available in all
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configurations (*note Environment block::).
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* GRUB 2 has more reliable ways to find its own files and those of
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target kernels on multiple-disk systems, and has commands (*note
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search::) to find devices using file system labels or Universally
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Unique Identifiers (UUIDs).
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* GRUB 2 is available for several other types of system in addition
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to the PC BIOS systems supported by GRUB Legacy: PC EFI, PC
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coreboot, PowerPC, SPARC, and MIPS Lemote Yeeloong are all
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supported.
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* Many more file systems are supported, including but not limited to
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ext4, HFS+, and NTFS.
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* GRUB 2 can read files directly from LVM and RAID devices.
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* A graphical terminal and a graphical menu system are available.
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* GRUB 2's interface can be translated, including menu entry names.
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* The image files (*note Images::) that make up GRUB have been
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reorganised; Stage 1, Stage 1.5, and Stage 2 are no more.
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* GRUB 2 puts many facilities in dynamically loaded modules, allowing
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the core image to be smaller, and allowing the core image to be
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built in more flexible ways.
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1.4 GRUB features
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=================
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The primary requirement for GRUB is that it be compliant with the
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"Multiboot Specification", which is described in *note Multiboot
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Specification: (multiboot)Top.
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The other goals, listed in approximate order of importance, are:
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* Basic functions must be straightforward for end-users.
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* Rich functionality to support kernel experts and designers.
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* Backward compatibility for booting FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and
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Linux. Proprietary kernels (such as DOS, Windows NT, and OS/2) are
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supported via a chain-loading function.
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Except for specific compatibility modes (chain-loading and the Linux
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"piggyback" format), all kernels will be started in much the same state
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as in the Multiboot Specification. Only kernels loaded at 1 megabyte or
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above are presently supported. Any attempt to load below that boundary
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will simply result in immediate failure and an error message reporting
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the problem.
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In addition to the requirements above, GRUB has the following
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features (note that the Multiboot Specification doesn't require all the
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features that GRUB supports):
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Recognize multiple executable formats
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Support many of the "a.out" variants plus "ELF". Symbol tables are
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also loaded.
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Support non-Multiboot kernels
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Support many of the various free 32-bit kernels that lack Multiboot
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compliance (primarily FreeBSD, NetBSD(1) (*note
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Features-Footnote-1::), OpenBSD, and Linux). Chain-loading of
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other boot loaders is also supported.
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Load multiples modules
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Fully support the Multiboot feature of loading multiple modules.
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Load a configuration file
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Support a human-readable text configuration file with preset boot
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commands. You can also load another configuration file dynamically
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and embed a preset configuration file in a GRUB image file. The
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list of commands (*note Commands::) are a superset of those
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supported on the command-line. An example configuration file is
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provided in *note Configuration::.
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Provide a menu interface
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A menu interface listing preset boot commands, with a programmable
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timeout, is available. There is no fixed limit on the number of
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boot entries, and the current implementation has space for several
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hundred.
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Have a flexible command-line interface
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A fairly flexible command-line interface, accessible from the menu,
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is available to edit any preset commands, or write a new boot
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command set from scratch. If no configuration file is present,
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GRUB drops to the command-line.
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The list of commands (*note Commands::) are a subset of those
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supported for configuration files. Editing commands closely
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resembles the Bash command-line (*note Bash: (features)Command Line
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Editing.), with <TAB>-completion of commands, devices, partitions,
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and files in a directory depending on context.
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Support multiple filesystem types
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Support multiple filesystem types transparently, plus a useful
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explicit blocklist notation. The currently supported filesystem
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types are "Amiga Fast FileSystem (AFFS)", "AtheOS fs", "BeFS",
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"BtrFS" (including raid0, raid1, raid10, gzip and lzo), "cpio"
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(little- and big-endian bin, odc and newc variants), "Linux
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ext2/ext3/ext4", "DOS FAT12/FAT16/FAT32", "exFAT", "F2FS", "HFS",
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"HFS+", "ISO9660" (including Joliet, Rock-ridge and multi-chunk
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files), "JFS", "Minix fs" (versions 1, 2 and 3), "nilfs2", "NTFS"
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(including compression), "ReiserFS", "ROMFS", "Amiga Smart
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FileSystem (SFS)", "Squash4", "tar", "UDF", "BSD UFS/UFS2", "XFS",
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and "ZFS" (including lzjb, gzip, zle, mirror, stripe, raidz1/2/3
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and encryption in AES-CCM and AES-GCM). *Note Filesystem::, for
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more information.
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Support automatic decompression
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Can decompress files which were compressed by 'gzip' or 'xz'(2)
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(*note Features-Footnote-2::). This function is both automatic and
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transparent to the user (i.e. all functions operate upon the
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uncompressed contents of the specified files). This greatly
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reduces a file size and loading time, a particularly great benefit
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for floppies.(3) (*note Features-Footnote-3::)
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It is conceivable that some kernel modules should be loaded in a
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compressed state, so a different module-loading command can be
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specified to avoid uncompressing the modules.
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Access data on any installed device
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Support reading data from any or all floppies or hard disk(s)
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recognized by the BIOS, independent of the setting of the root
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device.
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Be independent of drive geometry translations
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Unlike many other boot loaders, GRUB makes the particular drive
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translation irrelevant. A drive installed and running with one
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translation may be converted to another translation without any
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adverse effects or changes in GRUB's configuration.
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Detect all installed RAM
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GRUB can generally find all the installed RAM on a PC-compatible
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machine. It uses an advanced BIOS query technique for finding all
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memory regions. As described on the Multiboot Specification (*note
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Multiboot Specification: (multiboot)Top.), not all kernels make use
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of this information, but GRUB provides it for those who do.
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Support Logical Block Address mode
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In traditional disk calls (called "CHS mode"), there is a geometry
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translation problem, that is, the BIOS cannot access over 1024
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cylinders, so the accessible space is limited to at least 508 MB
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and to at most 8GB. GRUB can't universally solve this problem, as
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there is no standard interface used in all machines. However,
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several newer machines have the new interface, Logical Block
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Address ("LBA") mode. GRUB automatically detects if LBA mode is
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available and uses it if available. In LBA mode, GRUB can access
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the entire disk.
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Support network booting
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GRUB is basically a disk-based boot loader but also has network
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support. You can load OS images from a network by using the "TFTP"
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protocol.
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Support remote terminals
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To support computers with no console, GRUB provides remote terminal
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support, so that you can control GRUB from a remote host. Only
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serial terminal support is implemented at the moment.
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(1) The NetBSD/i386 kernel is Multiboot-compliant, but lacks support
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for Multiboot modules.
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(2) Only CRC32 data integrity check is supported (xz default is CRC64
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so one should use -check=crc32 option). LZMA BCJ filters are supported.
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(3) There are a few pathological cases where loading a very badly
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organized ELF kernel might take longer, but in practice this never
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happen.
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1.5 The role of a boot loader
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=============================
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The following is a quotation from Gordon Matzigkeit, a GRUB fanatic:
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Some people like to acknowledge both the operating system and
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kernel when they talk about their computers, so they might say they
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use "GNU/Linux" or "GNU/Hurd". Other people seem to think that the
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kernel is the most important part of the system, so they like to
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call their GNU operating systems "Linux systems."
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I, personally, believe that this is a grave injustice, because the
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_boot loader_ is the most important software of all. I used to
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refer to the above systems as either "LILO"(1) (*note Role of a
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boot loader-Footnote-1::) or "GRUB" systems.
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Unfortunately, nobody ever understood what I was talking about; now
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I just use the word "GNU" as a pseudonym for GRUB.
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So, if you ever hear people talking about their alleged "GNU"
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systems, remember that they are actually paying homage to the best
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boot loader around... GRUB!
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We, the GRUB maintainers, do not (usually) encourage Gordon's level
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of fanaticism, but it helps to remember that boot loaders deserve
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recognition. We hope that you enjoy using GNU GRUB as much as we did
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writing it.
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(1) The LInux LOader, a boot loader that everybody uses, but nobody
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likes.
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