m-thesis-documentation/documents/thesis/chapters/introduction.tex

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\documentclass[../thesis.tex]{subfiles}

\graphicspath{
	{.}
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\begin{document}
\chapter{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}


\section{Cosmic Particles}
\label{sec:crs}
Particles from outer space,
Particle type,
Energy,
magnetic fields -- origin,

\hrule

In the beginning of the 20th century, various types of radiation were discovered.
Dubbed ``Cosmic Rays'', one type was determined to come from beyond the atmosphere.


\subsection{Air Showers}
\label{sec:airshowers}
Particle cascades,
Xmax?,
Radio emission,

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{airshower/shower_development_depth_iron_proton_photon.pdf}
	\caption{
		From H. Schoorlemmer.
		Shower development as a function of atmospheric depth for an energy of $10^{19}\eV$.
	}
	\label{fig:airshower:depth}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\begin{subfigure}{0.47\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{airshower/airshower_radio_polarisation_geomagnetic.png}%
	\end{subfigure}
	\hfill
	\begin{subfigure}{0.47\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{airshower/airshower_radio_polarisation_askaryan.png}%
	\end{subfigure}
	\caption{
		From \protect \cite{Schoorlemmer:2012xpa} \protect\cite{Huege:2017bqv}
		\protect \Todo{Krijn?}
		Radio Emission mechanisms (left: geomagnetic, right: charge-excess)
	}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Experiments}
\label{sec:detectors}

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{astroparticle/The_CR_spectrum_2023.pdf}
	\caption{
		From \protect \cite{The_CR_spectrum}.
		Cosmic Ray flux as a function of energy-per-nucleon.
	}
	\label{fig:cr_flux}
\end{figure}


Cosmic particles have been observed over a large range of energies.
However, for increasing energies, their flux decreases dramatically (see Figure~\ref{fig:cr_flux}).
To gather decent statistics at these highest energies on a practical timescale, observatories therefore have to span huge areas.
\\

\hrule
Standalone devices,
\gls*{Auger},
AugerPrime RD,
\gls*{GRAND},
\gls*{LOFAR}?,


\section{Radio Interferometry}
\label{sec:interferometry}
Rough outline of Interferometry?
\\


\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/rit_schematic_true.pdf}%
%	\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/Schematic_RIT_extracted.png}
%	\caption{From H. Schoorlemmer}
\end{figure}

\begin{equation}\label{eq:propagation_delay}%<<<
	\Delta_i(\vec{x}) = \frac{ \left|{ \vec{x} - \vec{a_i} }\right| }{c} n_{eff}
\end{equation}%>>>


\begin{equation}\label{eq:interferometric_sum}%<<<
	S(\vec{x}, t) = \sum_i S_i(t + \Delta_i(\vec{x}))
\end{equation}%>>>


\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap_bad.png}
		\label{fig:trace_overlap:bad}
	\end{subfigure}
	\hfill
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap_medium.png}
		\label{fig:trace_overlap:medium}
	\end{subfigure}
	\hfill
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap_best.png}
		\label{fig:trace_overlap:best}
	\end{subfigure}
	\caption{
		Trace overlap due to wrong positions
	}
	\label{fig:trace_overlap}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{2006.10348/fig03_b.png}%
	\caption{
		From \protect \cite{Schoorlemmer:2020low}.
		$\Xmax$ resolution as a function of detector-to-detector synchronisation.
	}
	\label{fig:xmax_synchronise}
\end{figure}

\section{Time Synchronisation}
\label{sec:timesynchro}
The main method of synchronising multiple stations is by employing a \gls{GNSS}.
This system should deliver timing with an accuracy in the order of $10\ns$ \cite{} (see Section~\ref{sec:grand:gnss}).
\\

Need reference system with better accuracy to constrain current mechanism (Figure~\ref{fig:reference-clock}).

%\begin{figure}
%	\centering
%	\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{clocks/reference-clock.pdf}
%	\caption{
%		Using a reference clock to compare two other clocks.
%		\protect \todo{
%			redo figure with less margins,
%			remove spines,
%			rotate labels
%		}
%	}
%	\label{fig:reference-clock}
%\end{figure}

\end{document}