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Thesis: near final version for radio_measurement and beacon_disciplining
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3 changed files with 6 additions and 8 deletions
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@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ If the time of emitting the signal at the transmitter $\tTrueEmit$ is known, thi
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,
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\end{equation}%>>>
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where $(\tTrueArriv)_i$ and $(\tMeasArriv)_i$ are respectively the true and measured arrival time of the signal at antenna $A_i$.
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The difference between these two terms gives the clock deviation term $(\tClock)_i$.\Todo{different symbols math}
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The difference between these two terms gives the clock deviation term $(\tClock)_i$.
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\\
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% relative timing; synchronising without t0 information
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@ -373,7 +373,6 @@ It shows that, as long as the pulse is (much) stronger than the noise ($\mathrm{
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\caption{
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Pulse timing accuracy obtained by matching $N=500$ waveforms, sampled at $2\ns$, to a templated pulse, sampled at $\Delta t = 0.5\ns$ (blue), $0.1\ns$ (orange) and $0.01\ns$ (green).
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Dashed lines indicate the asymptotic best time accuracy ($\Delta t/\sqrt{12}$) per template sampling rate.
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\protect\Todo{points in legend}
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}
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\label{fig:pulse:snr_time_resolution}
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\end{figure}
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@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ This is limited by the so-called Cherenkov angle.
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\bigskip
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At the very highest energy, the flux is in the order of one particle per square kilometer per century (see Figure~\ref{fig:cr_flux}).
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Observatories therefore have to span huge areas to gather decent statistics at these highest energies on a practical timescale.
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In recent and upcoming experiments, such as \gls{Auger}, \gls{GRAND} or \gls{LOFAR}, the approach is typically to instrument an area with a sparse grid of detectors to detect the generated air shower.
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In recent and upcoming experiments, such as \gls{Auger} (and its upgrade \gls{AugerPrime}), \gls{GRAND} or \gls{LOFAR}, the approach is typically to instrument an area with a (sparse) grid of detectors to detect the generated air shower.\Todo{cite experiments here}
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With distances up to $1.5\;\mathrm{km}$ (\gls{Auger}), the detectors therefore have to operate in a self-sufficient manner\Todo{word} with only wireless communication channels.
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\\
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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
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Radio antennas are sensitive to changes in their surrounding electric fields.
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The polarisation of the electric field that a single antenna can record is dependent on the geometry of this antenna.
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Therefore, in experiments such as \gls{Auger} or \gls{GRAND}, multiple antennas (called channels) are incorporated into a single unit to obtain complementary polarisation recordings.
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Therefore, in experiments such as \gls{Auger} or \gls{GRAND}, multiple antennas are incorporated into a single unit to obtain complementary polarisation recordings.
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Additionally, the shape and size of antennas affect how well the antenna responds to certain frequency ranges, resulting in different designs meeting different criteria.
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\\
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@ -36,13 +36,12 @@ To prevent such aliases, these frequencies must be removed by a filter before sa
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\\
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For air shower radio detection, very low frequencies are also not of interest.
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Therefore, this filter is generally a bandpass filter.
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For example, in \gls{AERA} and AugerPrime's RD\Todo{RD name} the filter attenuates all of the signal except for the frequency interval between $30 \text{--} 80\MHz$.\Todo{citation?}
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For example, in the \gls{AERA} and in AugerPrime's radio detector \cite{Huege:2023pfb}, the filter attenuates all of the signal except for the frequency interval between $30 \text{--} 80\MHz$.
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\\
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In addition to a bandpass filter, more complex filter setups are used to remove unwanted components or introduce attenuation at specific frequencies.
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For example, in \gls{GRAND}, the total frequency band ranges from $20\MHz$ to $200\MHz$
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For example, in \gls{GRAND} \cite{GRAND:2018iaj}, the total frequency band ranges from $20\MHz$ to $200\MHz$.
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such that the FM broadcasting band ($87.5\MHz \text{--} 108\MHz$) falls within this range.
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Therefore, notch filters have been introduced to suppress signals in this band.
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\Todo{citation?}
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\\
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% Filter and Antenna response
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@ -127,7 +126,6 @@ Implementing the above decomposition of $t[n]$, \eqref{eq:fourier:dtft} can be r
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The direct computation of this transform takes $2N$ complex multiplications and $2(N-1)$ complex additions for a single frequency $k$.
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When computing this transform for all integer $0 \leq k < N$, this amounts to $\mathcal{O}(N^2)$ complex computations.
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\acrlong{FFT}s (\acrshort{FFT}s) are efficient algorithms that derive all $X( 0 \leq k < N)$ in $\mathcal{O}( N \log N)$ calculations.
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\Todo{citation?}
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%For integer $0 \leq k < N $, efficient algorithms exist that derive all $X( 0 \leq k < N )$ in $\mathcal{O}( N \log N )$ calculations instead of $\mathcal{O}(kcalled \acrlong{FFT}s, sampling a subset of the frequencies.\Todo{citation?}
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\begin{figure}
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@ -290,6 +288,7 @@ This allows to approximate an analog time delay between two waveforms when one w
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% >>>
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\section{Hilbert Transform}% <<<<
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\Todo{remove section?}
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The analytic signal $s_a(t)$ of a waveform $x(t)$ can be obtained using the Hilbert Transform through
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\begin{equation}
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\label{eq:analytic_signal}
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