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thesis: beacon: introduce named variables
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1 changed files with 62 additions and 42 deletions
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@ -11,6 +11,26 @@
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% t is true time
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% priming is required for moving with the signal / different reference frame
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% time variables
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\newcommand{\tTrue}{t}
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\newcommand{\tMeas}{\tau}
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\newcommand{\tTrueEmit}{\tTrue_0}
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\newcommand{\tTrueArriv}{\tTrueEmit'}
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\newcommand{\tMeasArriv}{\tMeas_0}
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\newcommand{\tProp}{\tTrue_d}
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\newcommand{\tClock}{\tTrue_c}
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% phase variables
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\newcommand{\pTrue}{\phi}
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\newcommand{\pMeas}{\varphi}
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\newcommand{\pTrueEmit}{\pTrue_0}
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\newcommand{\pTrueArriv}{\pTrueArriv'}
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\newcommand{\pMeasArriv}{\pMeas}
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\newcommand{\pProp}{\pTrue_d}
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\newcommand{\pClock}{\pTrue_c}
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\begin{document}
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\chapter{Disciplining by Beacon}
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@ -53,7 +73,7 @@ The setup of an additional in-band synchronisation mechanism using a transmitter
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\\
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% time delay
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The distances between the transmitter $T$ and the antennas $A_i$ incur a time delay $(t_d)_i$ caused by the finite propagation speed of the radio signal over these distances.
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The distances between the transmitter $T$ and the antennas $A_i$ incur a time delay $(\tProp)_i$ caused by the finite propagation speed of the radio signal over these distances.
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Since the signal is an electromagnetic wave, its instantanuous velocity $v$ depends solely on the refractive index~$n$ of the medium as $v = \frac{c}{n}$.
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In general, the refractive index of air is dependent on factors such as the pressure and temperature of the air the signal is passing through and the frequencies of the signal.
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However, in many cases, the refractive index can be taken constant over the trajectory to simplify models.
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@ -62,44 +82,44 @@ As such, the time delay due to propagation can be written as
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\begin{equation}
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\label{eq:propagation_delay}
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\phantom{,}
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(t_d)_i = \frac{ \left|{ \vec{\small T} - \vec{ \small A_i} }\right| }{c} n_{eff}
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(\tProp)_i = \frac{ \left|{ \vec{\small T} - \vec{ \small A_i} }\right| }{c} n_{eff}
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,
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\end{equation}
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where $n_{eff}$ is the effective refractive index over the trajectory of the signal.
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\\
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If the time of emitting the signal at the transmitter $t_0$ is known, this allows to directly synchronise the transmitter and an antenna since
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If the time of emitting the signal at the transmitter $\tTrueEmit$ is known, this allows to directly synchronise the transmitter and an antenna since
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\begin{equation}
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\label{eq:transmitter2antenna_t0}
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\phantom{,}
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%$
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(t'_0)_i
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(\tTrueArriv)_i
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=
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t_0 + (t_d)_i
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\tTrueEmit + (\tProp)_i
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=
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(\tau_0)_i - (t_c)_i
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(\tMeasArriv)_i - (\tClock)_i
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%$
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,
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\end{equation}
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where $(t'_0)_i$ and $(\tau_0)_i$ are respectively the true and measured arrival time of the signal at antenna $A_i$.
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The difference between these two terms gives the clock deviation term $(t_c)_i$.
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where $(\tTrueArriv)_i$ and $(\tMeasArriv)_i$ are respectively the true and measured arrival time of the signal at antenna $A_i$.
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The difference between these two terms gives the clock deviation term $(\tClock)_i$.
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\\
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% relative timing; synchronising without t0 information
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As \eqref{eq:transmitter2antenna_t0} applies for each antenna, two antennas recording the same signal from a transmitter will share the $t_0$ term.
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In that case, the differences between the true arrival times $(t'_0)_i$ and propagation delays $(t_d)_i$ of the antennas can be related as
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As \eqref{eq:transmitter2antenna_t0} applies for each antenna, two antennas recording the same signal from a transmitter will share the $\tTrueEmit$ term.
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In that case, the differences between the true arrival times $(\tTrueArriv)_i$ and propagation delays $(\tProp)_i$ of the antennas can be related as
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\begin{equation}
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\label{eq:interantenna_t0}
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\phantom{.}
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\begin{aligned}
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\Delta (t'_0)_{ij}
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&\equiv (t'_0)_i - (t'_0)_j \\
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&= \left[ t_0 + (t_d)_i \right] - \left[ t_0 + (t_d)_j \right] \\
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%&= \left[ t_0 - t_0 \right] + \left[ (t_d)_i - (t_d)_j \right] \\
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&= (t_d)_i - (t_d)_j
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\Delta (\tTrueArriv)_{ij}
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&\equiv (\tTrueArriv)_i - (\tTrueArriv)_j \\
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&= \left[ \tTrueEmit + (\tProp)_i \right] - \left[ \tTrueEmit + (\tProp)_j \right] \\
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%&= \left[ \tTrueEmit - \tTrueEmit \right] + \left[ (\tProp)_i - (\tProp)_j \right] \\
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&= (\tProp)_i - (\tProp)_j
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%\\
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%&
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\equiv (\Delta t_d)_{ij}
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\equiv (\Delta \tProp)_{ij}
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\end{aligned}
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.
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\end{equation}
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@ -107,28 +127,28 @@ In that case, the differences between the true arrival times $(t'_0)_i$ and prop
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% mismatch into clock deviation
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Combining \eqref{eq:interantenna_t0} and \eqref{eq:transmitter2antenna_t0} then gives the relative clock mismatch $\Delta (t_c)_{ij}$ as
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Combining \eqref{eq:interantenna_t0} and \eqref{eq:transmitter2antenna_t0} then gives the relative clock mismatch $\Delta (\tClock)_{ij}$ as
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\begin{equation}
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\label{eq:synchro_mismatch_clocks}
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\phantom{.}
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\begin{aligned}
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\Delta (t_c)_{ij}
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&\equiv (t_c)_i - (t_c)_j \\
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&= \left[ (\tau_0)_i - (t'_0)_i \right] - \left[ (\tau_0)_j - (t'_0)_j \right] \\
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&= \left[ (\tau_0)_i - (\tau_0)_j \right] - \left[ (t'_0)_i - (t'_0)_j \right] \\
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&= \left[ (\tau_0)_i - (\tau_0)_j \right] - \Delta (t'_0)_{ij} \\
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&= \left[ (\tau_0)_i - (\tau_0)_j \right] - \Delta (t_d)_{ij} \\
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\Delta (\tClock)_{ij}
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&\equiv (\tClock)_i - (\tClock)_j \\
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&= \left[ (\tMeasArriv)_i - (\tTrueArriv)_i \right] - \left[ (\tMeasArriv)_j - (\tTrueArriv)_j \right] \\
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&= \left[ (\tMeasArriv)_i - (\tMeasArriv)_j \right] - \left[ (\tTrueArriv)_i - (\tTrueArriv)_j \right] \\
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&= \Delta (\tMeasArriv)_{ij} - \Delta (\tTrueArriv)_{ij} \\
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&= \Delta (\tMeasArriv)_{ij} - \Delta (\tProp)_{ij} \\
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\end{aligned}
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.
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\end{equation}
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Thus, measuring $(\tau_0)_i$ and determining $(t_d)_i$ provides the synchronisation mismatch between the antennas.
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Thus, measuring $(\tMeasArriv)_i$ and determining $(\tProp)_i$ provides the synchronisation mismatch between the antennas.
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\\
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% is relative
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As the mismatch is the difference between the antenna clock deviations, this scheme does not allow to uniquely attribute the mismatch to one of the clock deviations $(t_c)_i$.
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As the mismatch is the difference between the antenna clock deviations, this scheme does not allow to uniquely attribute the mismatch to one of the clock deviations $(\tClock)_i$.
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Instead, it only gives a relative synchronisation between the antennas.
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\\
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This can be resolved by knowledge on the $t_0$ of the transmitter.
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This can be resolved by knowledge on the $\tTrueEmit$ of the transmitter.
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\bigskip
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@ -141,9 +161,9 @@ As \eqref{eq:synchro_mismatch_clocks} applies for any two antennas in the array,
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The mismatch terms for any two pairs of antennas sharing a single antenna $( (i,j), (j,k) )$ allows to find the closing mismatch term for $(i,k)$ since
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\begin{equation*}
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\label{eq:synchro_closing}
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\Delta (t_c)_{ij} + \Delta(t_c)_{jk} + \Delta(t_c)_{ki} = 0
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\Delta (\tClock)_{ij} + \Delta(\tClock)_{jk} + \Delta(\tClock)_{ki} = 0
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\end{equation*}
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Taking one antenna as the reference antenna with $(t_c)_r = 0$, the mismatches across the array can be determined by applying \eqref{eq:synchro_mismatch_clocks} over consecutive pairs of antennas and thus all clock deviations $(t_c)_i$.
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Taking one antenna as the reference antenna with $(\tClock)_r = 0$, the mismatches across the array can be determined by applying \eqref{eq:synchro_mismatch_clocks} over consecutive pairs of antennas and thus all clock deviations $(\tClock)_i$.
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\\
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% floating offset, minimising total
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@ -151,9 +171,9 @@ Taking one antenna as the reference antenna with $(t_c)_r = 0$, the mismatches a
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% signals to send, and measure, (t'_0)_i.
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In the former, the mechanism of measuring $(\tau_0)_i$ from the signal has been deliberately left out.
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The nature of the beacon allows for different methods to determine $(\tau_0)_i$.\Todo{reword towards next sections?}
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% signals to send, and measure, (\tTrueArriv)_i.
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In the former, the mechanism of measuring $(\tMeasArriv)_i$ from the signal has been deliberately left out.
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The nature of the beacon allows for different methods to determine $(\tMeasArriv)_i$.\Todo{reword towards next sections?}
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@ -212,25 +232,25 @@ The strength of the beacon at each antenna must therefore be tuned such to both
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% continuous -> period multiplicity
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The continuity of the beacon poses a different issue.
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Because the beacon must be periodic, differentiating between consecutive periods is not possible using the beacon alone.
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The $t_0$ term describing the transmitter time in \eqref{eq:transmitter2antenna_t0} is no longer uniquely defined,
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The $\tTrueEmit$ term describing the transmitter time in \eqref{eq:transmitter2antenna_t0} is no longer uniquely defined,
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\begin{equation}
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\phantom{,}
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\label{eq:period_multiplicity}
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t_0 = \left[ \frac{\varphi_0}{2\pi} + k\right] T
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\tTrueEmit = \left[ \frac{\pTrueEmit}{2\pi} + k\right] T
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,
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\end{equation}
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with $\varphi_0$ the phase of the beacon at time $t_0$, $T$ the period of the beacon and $k \in \mathbb{R}$ unknown.
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with $\pTrueEmit$ the phase of the beacon at time $\tTrueEmit$, $T$ the period of the beacon and $k \in \mathbb{Z}$ unknown.
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\\
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This affects \eqref{eq:transmitter2antenna_t0}, thus changing the synchronisation\eqref{eq:synchro_mismatch_clocks} to
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This affects \eqref{eq:transmitter2antenna_t0}, thus changing the synchronisation mismatches in \eqref{eq:synchro_mismatch_clocks} to
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\begin{equation}
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\label{eq:synchro_mismatch_clocks_periodic}
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\phantom{.}
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\begin{aligned}
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\Delta (t_c)_{ij}
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&\equiv (t_c)_i - (t_c)_j \\
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&= \left[ (\tau_0)_i - (\tau_0)_j \right] - \Delta (t'_0)_{ij} \\
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&= \left[ (\tau_0)_i - (\tau_0)_j \right] - \Delta (t_d)_{ij} + \Delta k_{ij} T\\
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\Delta (\tClock)_{ij}
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&\equiv (\tClock)_i - (\tClock)_j \\
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&= \Delta (\tMeasArriv)_{ij} - \Delta (\tTrueArriv)_{ij} \\
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&= \Delta (\tMeasArriv)_{ij} - \Delta (\tProp)_{ij} + \Delta k_{ij} T\\
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\end{aligned}
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.
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\end{equation}
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@ -243,12 +263,12 @@ There are two ways to lift this period degeneracy.
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First, if the timescale of the beacon is much longer than the estimated accuracy of another timing mechanism (such as \gls{GNSS}),
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one can be confident to have the correct period.
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In AERA \cite{PierreAuger:2015aqe} for example, the total beacon repeats only after $\sim 1 \us$ (see Figure~\ref{fig:beacon:pa}).
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With an estimated accuracy of the \gls{GNSS} below $50 \ns$ the correct beacon period can be determined, resulting in a unique $t_0$ transmit time\todo{reword}.
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With an estimated accuracy of the \gls{GNSS} below $50 \ns$ the correct beacon period can be determined, resulting in a unique $\tTrueEmit$ transmit time\todo{reword}.
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\\
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% lifing period multiplicity -> short timescale counting +
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Another scheme is using an additional discrete signal to declare a unique $t_0$.
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It relies on the ability of counting how many beacon periods have passed since the discrete signal has been recorded.
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Another scheme is using an additional discrete signal to declare a unique $\tTrueEmit$.
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This relies on the ability of counting how many beacon periods have passed since the discrete signal has been recorded.
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{beacon/auger/1512.02216.figure2.beacon_beat.png}
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