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\item densely packed - \item GeV to TeV $\nu$'s + \item densely packed $\mapsto$ GeV to TeV $\nu$'s \end{itemize} \item ARCA: \begin{itemize} \item Focus on (extra)galactic neutrinos - \item sparsely packed - \item TeV to PeV $\nu$'s + \item sparsely packed $\mapsto$ TeV to PeV $\nu$'s \end{itemize} } %% Technology %% +\section{Detector Design} \begin{frame} \frametitle{Detector Design} \pause @@ -201,6 +201,8 @@ \item Cherenkov light \item Digital-Optical Module } + + %% \begin{frame} \frametitle{Detector Prototypes} \begin{columns} @@ -208,14 +210,15 @@ \begin{figure} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-ppm-du-schematic.png} \end{figure} - \column{0.4\textwidth} + \column{0.5\textwidth} \begin{itemize} - \item Digital Optical Module (April 2013) - \item Detection Unit (May 2014) + \item Digital Optical Module \\(April 2013) + \item Detection Unit \\(May 2014) \end{itemize} \end{columns} \end{frame} + %% \begin{frame} \begin{columns} \column{0.6\textwidth} @@ -236,33 +239,141 @@ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \begin{frame} \frametitle{ Digital Optical Modules } - \begin{figure} - \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{images/km3net-build-dom.png} - \end{figure} + \begin{columns} + \column{.4\textwidth} + Sensors + \begin{itemize} + \item 31 PMTs per DOM \\ $\mapsto$ $1400 \mathrm{cm}^2$ + \item Acoustic Sensor + \item Compass + \item Accelerometers + \end{itemize} + \column{.6\textwidth} + \begin{figure} + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-build-dom-with-piezo.png} + \end{figure} + \end{columns} + \end{frame} + \note[itemize] + { + \item Acoustics: resolution to 20 cm $\mapsto$ 1 ns + } + + %% + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{ DOM Data } + \begin{columns} + \column{.4\textwidth} + \begin{itemize} + \item Data each 8ns + \begin{itemize} + \item Start Time ($0.3$ photo-electrons) + \item Time over Threshold + \end{itemize} + \bigskip + \item ``All Data to Shore'' + \item $2^{24} \times 8\mathrm{ns} \approx 134\mathrm{ms}$\note{ uplink: 25 Gb/s $\mapsto $ reduction of data by $10^5$} + \end{itemize} + \column{.6\textwidth} + \begin{figure} + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-arca-simulated-time-distribution.png} + \end{figure} + \end{columns} \end{frame} +% Calibration +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \begin{frame} \frametitle{Calibration} \begin{itemize} - \item Acoustic Sensor - \item $^{40}$K decay in seawater + \item Nanosecond level precision + \begin{itemize} + \item Time between PMTs in the same DOM + \item Time between DOMs + \end{itemize} + \end{itemize} + \end{frame} + + %% + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Calibration} + Time between PMTs in the same DOM + \begin{itemize} + \item $^{40}K$ decay in sea water \end{itemize} \begin{figure} - \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/km3net-build-dom-with-piezo.png} + \includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{images/km3net-ppm-du-field-of-view-dom-3.png} \end{figure} \end{frame} \note[itemize] { - \item $^{40}$K + \item $^{40}$K decay \begin{itemize} \item $\lambda_{1/2}$ Gyr + \item 150 Cherenkov $\gamma$ per decay \end{itemize} } -\subsection{Event Trigger} + %% + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Calibration} + \begin{columns} + \column{.4\textwidth} + \begin{figure} + \vskip -1.5em + \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{images/km3net-build-detection-string.png} + \end{figure} + \column{.6\textwidth} + Time between DOM + \begin{itemize} + \item LED nanobeacon + \item Acoustic Piezo sensor + \end{itemize} + \begin{figure} + \includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth]{images/km3net-build-dom-with-piezo.png} + \end{figure} + \end{columns} + \end{frame} + \note[itemize] + { + \item + } + %% + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Background Effects} + \begin{itemize} + \item $^{40}$K decay in seawater + \item Bioluminescence + \item Dust in water + \end{itemize} + \end{frame} + \note[itemize] + { + \item LED: 470nm, fully controlled from shore ($I$, $f$) + \item bioluminescence: marine sciences, effect of upto 10\% + \item + } +% Events +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \begin{frame} \frametitle{Event Triggers} + Multiple Triggers + \begin{itemize} + \item L0: 0.3 photo-electrons in PMT (in DOM) + \item L1: 2 hits in separate PMTs within 25ns + \item L2: use orientation of PMTs + \note { L2 halves the remaining hits } + \end{itemize} \end{frame} + \note[itemize] + { + \item L1: + \begin{itemize} + \item 1kHz per DOM of which 0.6 is $^{40}K$ decay. + \item study gives relative time offset mostly 10 ns. + \end{itemize} + \item L2: halves the remaining hits + } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %% Physics %% @@ -276,12 +387,65 @@ \end{figure} \end{frame} + %% + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{ORCA - Particle Physics} + \begin{columns} + \column{.4\textwidth} + \begin{itemize} + \item + \end{itemize} + \column{.6\textwidth} + \begin{figure} + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-orca-footprint.png} + \end{figure} + \end{columns} + \end{frame} + \note[itemize] + { + \item horizontal distance 20m + \item vertical distance 6m + } + \begin{frame} + \begin{figure} + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/neutrino-signal-background.png} + \end{figure} + \end{frame} + \subsection{Neutrino Mass Hierarchy} \begin{frame} \frametitle{Neutrino Mass Hierarchy} + \begin{figure} + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/neutrino-mass-hierarchies.png} + \end{figure} \end{frame} + %% + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Neutrino Oscillations} + \end{frame} + \note[itemize] + { + \item mass eigenstates $\neq$ flavour eigenstates, mass squared diff + } + + %% + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Neutrino Oscillations in Matter} + \end{frame} + \note[itemize] + { + \item vaccum oscillations insensitive to sign of mass sq. diff. + \item matter is sensisitive $\mapsto$ different cross-sections for $\nu$ and $\bar{\nu}$ + \item effect largest for $E_\nu \approx 30 GeV/\rho$ $\mapsto$ $1 - 20 GeV$ in KM3NeT + \item cannot measure charge + \item $\sigma(\nu N) \approx 2\sigma(\bar{\nu} N)$ + } + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %% ARCA +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \section{ARCA - Astroparticle Physics} \begin{frame} \frametitle{ARCA - Astroparticle Physics} @@ -296,7 +460,14 @@ \end{figure} \end{columns} \end{frame} + \note[itemize] + { + \item horizontal distance 90m + \item vertical distance 36m + \item depth 3.5km + } + %% \begin{frame} \frametitle{Differences between ARCA and ORCA} \begin{figure} @@ -304,9 +475,46 @@ \end{figure} \end{frame} + %% + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{IceCube and Expected Signal} + \begin{itemize} + \item Signals from 10 TeV to above 1 PeV + \item 54 events with reconstructed energy above 30TeV (2016) + \end{itemize} + \pause + \begin{figure} + \includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth]{images/km3net-arca-significance-diffuse-neutrinos.png} + \end{figure} + \end{frame} + + %% + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Expected Signals: Diffuse Flux from Galactic Plane} + \begin{figure} + \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/galactic-plane-1-GeV-gamma-rays.png} + \end{figure} + \end{frame} + \note[itemize] + { + \item TeV $\gamma$-ray emmission from GP + \item same hadronic processes lead to high-energy $\nu$'s + } + + %% + \begin{frame} + \frametitle{Expected Signals: Diffuse Flux from Galactic Plane} + \begin{figure} + \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/km3net-arca-significance-diffuse-galactic-plane.png} + \end{figure} + \end{frame} + \subsection{Glashow Resonance} \begin{frame} \frametitle{Glashow Resonance} + \begin{figure} + \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/km3net-arca-eff-area-glashow-resonance.png} + \end{figure} \end{frame} @@ -322,7 +530,7 @@ \item ARCA: Astrophysics Research with Cosmics in the Abyss \item ORCA: Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss \end{itemize} - \item Field of View contains Galactic Plane + \item Significant results expected within a few years of observations \end{itemize} \pause \begin{center}