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\title{The KM3NeT project\\ ARCA + ORCA}

\date{April 21st, 2020}
\author{E.T. de Boone}


\begin{document}

\frame{\titlepage}

\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Outline}
	\tableofcontents
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Papers}
	\begin{figure}
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/paper-prototype.png}
	\end{figure}
	\begin{figure}
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/paper-letter-of-intent.png}
	\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Astrophysical vs Atmospheric Neutrino}
	\begin{figure}
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/neutrino_sources.png}
		%{\tiny \href{https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2012-30014-2}{10.1140/epjh/e2012-30014-2}}
	\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\note[itemize]{
	\item Distinction Atmospheric vs Astrophysical
		\begin{itemize}
			\item steep decline for > TeV
			\item lower energies
		\end{itemize}
	
	\item Observatories: IceCube, ANTARES
		\begin{itemize}
			\item IceCube: 100 GeV - several PeV
			\item ANTARES: 10 GeV - 100 TeV
		\end{itemize}

	\item Types of events
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Tracklike (through-going)
			\item Showerlike
		\end{itemize}
}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% General Info %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{General Info}
\subsection{KM3NeT}
\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{KM3NeT}
	Cubic Kilometer Neutrino Telescope
	\begin{itemize}
		\item Deep-sea neutrino telescope 
			\note[item]{ Observation Principle IceCube }
		\item Three locations in the Mediterranean Sea
			\note[item]{ Locations: Toulon (FR), Sicily (It), Pylos (Gr) }
			\note[item]{ Properties Water } 
		\bigskip
		\pause
		\item 2 Main objectives
			\begin{itemize}
				\item Determine the Neutrino Mass Hierarchy
				\item Observe the Universe with highly energetic Neutrino’s
			\end{itemize}
	\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\note[itemize] {
	\item Neutrino Mass Hierarchy
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Neutrino's have mass
			\item flavour eigenstates $neq$ mass eigenstates
		\end{itemize}

	\item Universe
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Objectives to confirm icecube findings
			\item Counterpart to IceCube - Galactic Plane in FoV
		\end{itemize}
}

\begin{frame}
	\begin{figure}
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{images/km3net-infrastructure.jpg}
	\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\note[itemize] {
	\item Spread over large part of mediterranean sea
	\item Reason for locations: deep water
	\item Succesor to and experience from: \begin{itemize}
		\item ANTARES (Fr)
		\item NEMO (It) - Pilot
		\item NESTOR (Gr) - Pilot
	\end{itemize}
	\item Greece is pending future funding
}

\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{KM3NeT}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item 2 main objectives
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Determine the Neutrino Mass Hierarchy
			\item Observe the Universe using Neutrino’s
		\end{itemize}
		\bigskip
		\pause
		\item 2 main experiments
		\begin{itemize}
			\item ORCA: Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss
			\item ARCA: Astroparticle Research with Cosmics in the Abyss
		\end{itemize}
	\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\note[itemize] {
	\item ORCA in Fr, ARCA in Italy
	\item Combined sensitivity from GeV to above PeV: 6 orders of magnitude
	\item ORCA:
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Focus on atmospheric neutrinos
			\item densely packed $\mapsto$ GeV to TeV $\nu$'s
		\end{itemize}
	\item ARCA:
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Focus on (extra)galactic neutrinos
			\item sparsely packed $\mapsto$ TeV to PeV $\nu$'s
		\end{itemize}
	\item shared technology
}

%%  Technology  %%
\section{Detector Design}
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{Detector Design}
		\pause
		\begin{figure}
			\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{images/principal-idea-neutrino-telescope-icecube-with-text.png}
		\end{figure}
	\end{frame}
	\note[itemize]{
		\item Old design => Markov 1960 multiple predecessors
		\item compare with IceCube, ANTARES, DUMAND
		\bigskip
		\item Cherenkov light
		\item Digital-Optical Module
	}

	%%
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{Detector Prototypes}
		\begin{columns}
			\column{0.6\textwidth}
				\begin{figure}
					\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-ppm-du-schematic.png}
				\end{figure}
			\column{0.5\textwidth}
				\begin{itemize}
					\item Digital Optical Module \\(Apr 2013)
					\item Detection Unit (3 DOMs)\\(May 2014)
					\item Detection Unit (18 DOMs)\\(Dec 2015)
				\end{itemize}
		\end{columns}
	\end{frame}

	%%
	\begin{frame}
		\begin{columns}
			\column{0.6\textwidth}
				\begin{figure}
					\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-building-block-du.png}
				\end{figure}
			\column{0.4\textwidth}
				Building Block
				\begin{itemize}
					\item 115 strings
					\item 18 Digital Optical Modules per string
					\item 31 Photo Multiplier Tubes per DOM
				\end{itemize}
		\end{columns}
	\end{frame}
	\note[itemize]
	{
	\item lattice structure (also on prev slides)
	\item data transmission fibre-optics (1 Gbps per DOM)
	\item $31 \times 18 = 558$ PMTs per string
	\item $558 \times  115 = 64 170$ PMTs per block
	}

% Digital Optical Modules
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{ Digital Optical Modules }
		\begin{columns}
			\column{.4\textwidth}
				Sensors
				\begin{itemize}
					\item 31 PMTs per DOM \\ $\mapsto$ $1400 \mathrm{cm}^2$
					\item Acoustic Sensor
					\item Compass
					\item Accelerometers
				\end{itemize}
			\column{.6\textwidth}
				\begin{figure}
					\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-build-dom-with-piezo.png}
				\end{figure}
		\end{columns}
	\end{frame}
	\note[itemize]
	{
	\item PMT: gain $10^6$
	\item PMT: compare amount with IceCube: 1:31
	\item Acoustics: resolution to 20 cm $\mapsto$ 1 ns

	}

	%%
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{ DOM Data }
		\begin{columns}
			\column{.4\textwidth}
				\begin{itemize}
					\item Data each 8ns
						\begin{itemize}
							\item Start Time ($0.3$ photo-electrons)
							\item Time over Threshold
						\end{itemize}
					\bigskip
					\item ``All Data to Shore''
					\item $2^{24} \times 8\mathrm{ns} \approx 134\mathrm{ms}$\note{ uplink: 25 Gb/s $\mapsto $ reduction of data by $10^5$}
				\end{itemize}
			\column{.6\textwidth}
				\begin{figure}
					\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-arca-simulated-time-distribution.png}
				\end{figure}
		\end{columns}
	\end{frame}
	\note[itemize]
	{
	\item DOM uplink 1Gbps
	}

% Calibration
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{Calibration}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Nanosecond level precision
				\begin{itemize}
					\item Time between PMTs in the same DOM
					\item Time between DOMs
				\end{itemize}
		\end{itemize}
	\end{frame}
	\note[itemize]
	{
		\item  8ns data
		\item $1\mathrm{ns} \times c = 30\mathrm{cm}$ $\mapsto$ $\Delta x \approx 2.40\mathrm{m}$
	}

	%%
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{Calibration}
		Time between PMTs in the same DOM
		\begin{itemize}
			\item $^{40}K$ decay in sea water
		\end{itemize}
		\begin{figure}
			\includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{images/km3net-ppm-du-field-of-view-dom-3.png}
		\end{figure}
	\end{frame}
	\note[itemize]
	{
	\item $^{40}$K decay
		\begin{itemize}
			\item $\lambda_{1/2}$ Gyr
			\item 150 Cherenkov $\gamma$ per decay
		\end{itemize}
	}

	%%
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{Calibration}
		\begin{columns}
			\column{.4\textwidth}
				\begin{figure}
					\vskip -1.5em
					\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{images/km3net-build-detection-string.png}
				\end{figure}
			\column{.6\textwidth}
				Time between DOM
				\begin{itemize}
					\item LED nanobeacon
					\item Acoustic Piezo sensor
				\end{itemize}
				\begin{figure}
					\includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth]{images/km3net-build-dom-with-piezo.png}
				\end{figure}
		\end{columns}
	\end{frame}
	\note[itemize]
	{
	\item LED: 470nm, fully controlled from shore ($I$, $f$) 
	\item comparison of timings on the same string
	\item Acoustics: position calibration
	}

	%%
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{Background Effects}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item $^{40}$K decay in seawater
			\item Bioluminescence
			\item Dust in water
		\end{itemize}
	\end{frame}
	\note[itemize]
	{
	\item $^{40}$K is background but also calibrator
	\item bioluminescence: marine sciences, effect of upto 10\%
	\item
	}

% Events
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{Event Triggers}
		\begin{columns}
			\column{0.6\textwidth}
		Multiple Triggers
		\begin{itemize}
			\item L0: 0.3 photo-electrons in PMT (in DOM)
			\item L1: 2 hits in separate PMTs within 25ns
			\item L2: use orientation of PMTs
		\end{itemize}
			\column{0.4\textwidth}
			\begin{figure}
				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/Neutrino-candidate-in-KM3NeT-ORCA6.jpg}
			\end{figure}
		\end{columns}
	\end{frame}
	\note[itemize]
	{
	\item L1:
		\begin{itemize}
			\item 1kHz per DOM of which 0.6 is $^{40}K$ decay.
			\item study gives relative time offset mostly 10 ns.
		\end{itemize}
	\item L2: halves the remaining hits
	
	\item Causality: $25\mathrm{ns} \mapsto 7.5\mathrm{m}$
	}

	%%
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{Event Triggers: Muon Tracks and Showers}
		\begin{figure}
			\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-track-length-estimation.png}
		\end{figure}
	\end{frame}
	\note[itemize]
	{
	\item Various Trigger Algorithms
	\item Muon track
	\item directional filter $\sim 10^\circ$ $\mapsto$ 200 directions cover $4\pi$
	\item shower events
	}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%   Physics	%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% ORCA
\section{ORCA - Particle Physics}
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{ORCA - Particle Physics}
		\begin{figure}
			\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-orca-locations-france.png}
		\end{figure}
	\end{frame}

	%%
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{ORCA - Particle Physics}
		\begin{columns}
			\column{.4\textwidth}
				\begin{itemize}
					\item 1 Building Block
					\item dense packing $\mapsto$ sensitivity GeV to TeV
				\end{itemize}
			\column{.6\textwidth}
			\begin{figure}
				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-orca-footprint.png}
			\end{figure}
		\end{columns}
	\end{frame}
	\note[itemize]
	{
	\item depth: 2500m
	\item height: 150m
	\item width: \textit{see frame}
	\item instrumented volume: 8 Million tonnes of water
	\item horizontal distance 20m
	\item vertical distance 6m
	}
	\begin{frame}
		\begin{figure}
			\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/neutrino-signal-background.png}
		\end{figure}
	\end{frame}

%\subsection{Neutrino Mass Hierarchy}
	%%
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{Neutrino Oscillations}
		\begin{center}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Pontecorvo - Maki - Nakagawa - Sakata matrix
			\item 3 angles, 1 phase
		\end{itemize}
		\begin{figure}
			\includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{images/neutrino-oscillation.jpg}
		\end{figure}
		\end{center}
	\end{frame}
	\note[itemize]
	{
		\item solar neutrino puzzle
		\item
		\item mass eigenstates $\neq$ flavour eigenstates, mass squared diff
	}
	
	%%
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{Neutrino Mass Hierarchy}
		\begin{figure}
			\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/neutrino-mass-hierarchies.png}
		\end{figure}
	\end{frame}
	\note[itemize]
	{
	\item vaccum oscillations insensitive to sign of mass sq. diff.
	\item matter is sensisitive $\mapsto$ different cross-sections for $\nu$ and $\bar{\nu}$
	\item effect largest for $E_\nu \approx 30 GeV/\rho$ $\mapsto$ $1 - 20 GeV$ in KM3NeT
	\item cannot measure charge
	\item $\sigma(\nu N) \approx 2\sigma(\bar{\nu} N)$
	}

	%%
	\begin{frame}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-orca-significance-nmh.jpg}
	\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% ARCA
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{ARCA - Astroparticle Physics}
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{ARCA - Astroparticle Physics}
		\begin{columns}
			\column{.5\textwidth}
				\begin{figure}
					\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-arca-locations-italy.png}
				\end{figure}
			\column{.5\textwidth}
			\begin{figure}
				\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-arca-block-division.png}
			\end{figure}
		\end{columns}
	\end{frame}
	\note[itemize]
	{
		\item horizontal distance 90m
		\item vertical distance 36m
		\item depth 3.5km
	}

	%%
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{Differences between ARCA and ORCA}
		\begin{figure}
			\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/KM3NeT-ARCA-and-ORCA-comparison-area.png}
		\end{figure}
	\end{frame}

	%% Diffuse
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{IceCube and Expected Signal}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Signals from 10 TeV to above 1 PeV
			\item 54 events with reconstructed energy above 30TeV (2016, IceCube)
		\end{itemize}
		\pause
		\begin{figure}
			\includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth]{images/km3net-arca-significance-diffuse-neutrinos.png}
		\end{figure}
	\end{frame}

	%%
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{Expected Signals: Diffuse Flux from Galactic Plane}
		\begin{figure}
			\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/galactic-plane-1-GeV-gamma-rays.png}
		\end{figure}
	\end{frame}
	\note[itemize]
	{
	\item TeV $\gamma$-ray emmission from GP
	\item same hadronic processes lead to high-energy $\nu$'s
	}

	%%
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{Expected Signals: Diffuse Flux from Galactic Plane}
		\begin{figure}
			\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/km3net-arca-significance-diffuse-galactic-plane.png}
		\end{figure}
	\end{frame}

	%% Point like
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{Expected Signals: Point like sources}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Good Angular Resolution
			\item Galactic Sources can be probed
		\end{itemize}
	\end{frame}

%\subsection{Glashow Resonance}
%	\begin{frame}
%		\frametitle{Glashow Resonance}
%		\begin{figure}
%			\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/km3net-arca-eff-area-glashow-resonance.png}
%		\end{figure}
%	\end{frame}




%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{Recap}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Deep-sea Cubic Kilometer Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea
			\item 2 objectives $\mapsto$ 2 experiments
				\begin{itemize}
					\item ARCA: Astrophysics Research with Cosmics in the Abyss
					\item ORCA: Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss
				\end{itemize}
			\item Significant results expected within a few years of observations
		\end{itemize}
		\pause
		\begin{center}
			\vspace{1em}
			Question Time
		\end{center}
	\end{frame}

	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{}
	\end{frame}
	\begin{frame}
		\frametitle{Deployment of Strings}
		\url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HKHW0hLxt4&list=PLL9OR_-tW5qOtfZigqVpzMmTSwkMjCT1s&index=8}
	\end{frame}
\end{document}
