625 lines
15 KiB
TeX
625 lines
15 KiB
TeX
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}
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\title{The KM3NeT project\\ ARCA + ORCA}
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\date{April 21st, 2020}
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\author{E.T. de Boone}
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\begin{document}
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\frame{\titlepage}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Outline}
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\tableofcontents
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Papers}
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/paper-prototype.png}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/paper-letter-of-intent.png}
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Astrophysical vs Atmospheric Neutrino}
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/neutrino_sources.png}
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%{\tiny \href{https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2012-30014-2}{10.1140/epjh/e2012-30014-2}}
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]{
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\item Distinction Atmospheric vs Astrophysical
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\begin{itemize}
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\item steep decline for > TeV
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\item lower energies
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\end{itemize}
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\item Observatories: IceCube, ANTARES
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\begin{itemize}
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\item IceCube: 100 GeV - several PeV
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\item ANTARES: 10 GeV - 100 TeV
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\end{itemize}
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\item Types of events
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Tracklike (through-going)
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\item Showerlike
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\end{itemize}
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}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%% General Info %%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{General Info}
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\subsection{KM3NeT}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{KM3NeT}
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Cubic Kilometer Neutrino Telescope
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Deep-sea neutrino telescope
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\note[item]{ Observation Principle IceCube }
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\item Three locations in the Mediterranean Sea
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\note[item]{ Locations: Toulon (FR), Sicily (It), Pylos (Gr) }
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\note[item]{ Properties Water }
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\bigskip
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\pause
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\item 2 Main objectives
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Determine the Neutrino Mass Hierarchy
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\item Observe the Universe with highly energetic Neutrino’s
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize] {
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\item Neutrino Mass Hierarchy
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Neutrino's have mass
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\item flavour eigenstates $neq$ mass eigenstates
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\end{itemize}
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\item Universe
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Objectives to confirm icecube findings
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\item Counterpart to IceCube - Galactic Plane in FoV
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\end{itemize}
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}
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\begin{frame}
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{images/km3net-infrastructure.jpg}
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize] {
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\item Spread over large part of mediterranean sea
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\item Reason for locations: deep water
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\item Succesor to and experience from: \begin{itemize}
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\item ANTARES (Fr)
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\item NEMO (It) - Pilot
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\item NESTOR (Gr) - Pilot
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\end{itemize}
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\item Greece is pending future funding
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}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{KM3NeT}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item 2 main objectives
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Determine the Neutrino Mass Hierarchy
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\item Observe the Universe using Neutrino’s
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\end{itemize}
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\bigskip
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\pause
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\item 2 main experiments
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\begin{itemize}
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\item ORCA: Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss
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\item ARCA: Astroparticle Research with Cosmics in the Abyss
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize] {
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\item ORCA in Fr, ARCA in Italy
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\item Combined sensitivity from GeV to above PeV: 6 orders of magnitude
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\item ORCA:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Focus on atmospheric neutrinos
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\item densely packed $\mapsto$ GeV to TeV $\nu$'s
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\end{itemize}
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\item ARCA:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Focus on (extra)galactic neutrinos
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\item sparsely packed $\mapsto$ TeV to PeV $\nu$'s
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\end{itemize}
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\item shared technology
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}
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%% Technology %%
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\section{Detector Design}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Detector Design}
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\pause
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{images/principal-idea-neutrino-telescope-icecube-with-text.png}
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]{
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\item Old design => Markov 1960 multiple predecessors
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\item compare with IceCube, ANTARES, DUMAND
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\bigskip
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\item Cherenkov light
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\item Digital-Optical Module
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}
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%%
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Detector Prototypes}
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\begin{columns}
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\column{0.6\textwidth}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-ppm-du-schematic.png}
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\end{figure}
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\column{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Digital Optical Module \\(Apr 2013)
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\item Detection Unit (3 DOMs)\\(May 2014)
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\item Detection Unit (18 DOMs)\\(Dec 2015)
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\end{itemize}
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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%%
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\begin{frame}
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\begin{columns}
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\column{0.6\textwidth}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-building-block-du.png}
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\end{figure}
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\column{0.4\textwidth}
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Building Block
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\begin{itemize}
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\item 115 strings
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\item 18 Digital Optical Modules per string
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\item 31 Photo Multiplier Tubes per DOM
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\end{itemize}
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]
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{
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\item lattice structure (also on prev slides)
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\item data transmission fibre-optics (1 Gbps per DOM)
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\item $31 \times 18 = 558$ PMTs per string
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\item $558 \times 115 = 64 170$ PMTs per block
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}
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% Digital Optical Modules
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{ Digital Optical Modules }
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\begin{columns}
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\column{.4\textwidth}
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Sensors
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\begin{itemize}
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\item 31 PMTs per DOM \\ $\mapsto$ $1400 \mathrm{cm}^2$
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\item Acoustic Sensor
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\item Compass
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\item Accelerometers
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\end{itemize}
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\column{.6\textwidth}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-build-dom-with-piezo.png}
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\end{figure}
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]
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{
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\item PMT: gain $10^6$
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\item PMT: compare amount with IceCube: 1:31
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\item Acoustics: resolution to 20 cm $\mapsto$ 1 ns
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}
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%%
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{ DOM Data }
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\begin{columns}
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\column{.4\textwidth}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Data each 8ns
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Start Time ($0.3$ photo-electrons)
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\item Time over Threshold
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\end{itemize}
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\bigskip
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\item ``All Data to Shore''
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\item $2^{24} \times 8\mathrm{ns} \approx 134\mathrm{ms}$\note{ uplink: 25 Gb/s $\mapsto $ reduction of data by $10^5$}
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\end{itemize}
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\column{.6\textwidth}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-arca-simulated-time-distribution.png}
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\end{figure}
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]
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{
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\item DOM uplink 1Gbps
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}
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% Calibration
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Calibration}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Nanosecond level precision
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Time between PMTs in the same DOM
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\item Time between DOMs
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]
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{
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\item 8ns data
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\item $1\mathrm{ns} \times c = 30\mathrm{cm}$ $\mapsto$ $\Delta x \approx 2.40\mathrm{m}$
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}
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%%
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Calibration}
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Time between PMTs in the same DOM
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\begin{itemize}
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\item $^{40}K$ decay in sea water
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{images/km3net-ppm-du-field-of-view-dom-3.png}
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]
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{
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\item $^{40}$K decay
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\begin{itemize}
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\item $\lambda_{1/2}$ Gyr
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\item 150 Cherenkov $\gamma$ per decay
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\end{itemize}
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}
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%%
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Calibration}
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\begin{columns}
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\column{.4\textwidth}
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\begin{figure}
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\vskip -1.5em
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\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{images/km3net-build-detection-string.png}
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\end{figure}
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\column{.6\textwidth}
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Time between DOM
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\begin{itemize}
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\item LED nanobeacon
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\item Acoustic Piezo sensor
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth]{images/km3net-build-dom-with-piezo.png}
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\end{figure}
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]
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{
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\item LED: 470nm, fully controlled from shore ($I$, $f$)
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\item comparison of timings on the same string
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\item Acoustics: position calibration
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}
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%%
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Background Effects}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item $^{40}$K decay in seawater
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\item Bioluminescence
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\item Dust in water
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]
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{
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\item $^{40}$K is background but also calibrator
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\item bioluminescence: marine sciences, effect of upto 10\%
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\item
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}
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% Events
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Event Triggers}
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\begin{columns}
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\column{0.6\textwidth}
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Multiple Triggers
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\begin{itemize}
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\item L0: 0.3 photo-electrons in PMT (in DOM)
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\item L1: 2 hits in separate PMTs within 25ns
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\item L2: use orientation of PMTs
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\end{itemize}
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\column{0.4\textwidth}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/Neutrino-candidate-in-KM3NeT-ORCA6.jpg}
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\end{figure}
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]
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{
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\item L1:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item 1kHz per DOM of which 0.6 is $^{40}K$ decay.
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\item study gives relative time offset mostly 10 ns.
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\end{itemize}
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\item L2: halves the remaining hits
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\item Causality: $25\mathrm{ns} \mapsto 7.5\mathrm{m}$
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}
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%%
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Event Triggers: Muon Tracks and Showers}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-track-length-estimation.png}
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]
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{
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\item Various Trigger Algorithms
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\item Muon track
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\item directional filter $\sim 10^\circ$ $\mapsto$ 200 directions cover $4\pi$
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\item shower events
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}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%% Physics %%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%% ORCA
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\section{ORCA - Particle Physics}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{ORCA - Particle Physics}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-orca-locations-france.png}
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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%%
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{ORCA - Particle Physics}
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\begin{columns}
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\column{.4\textwidth}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item 1 Building Block
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\item dense packing $\mapsto$ sensitivity GeV to TeV
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\end{itemize}
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\column{.6\textwidth}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-orca-footprint.png}
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\end{figure}
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]
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{
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\item depth: 2500m
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\item height: 150m
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\item width: \textit{see frame}
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\item instrumented volume: 8 Million tonnes of water
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\item horizontal distance 20m
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\item vertical distance 6m
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}
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\begin{frame}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/neutrino-signal-background.png}
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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%\subsection{Neutrino Mass Hierarchy}
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%%
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Neutrino Oscillations}
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\begin{center}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Pontecorvo - Maki - Nakagawa - Sakata matrix
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\item 3 angles, 1 phase
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{images/neutrino-oscillation.jpg}
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\end{figure}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]
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{
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\item solar neutrino puzzle
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\item
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\item mass eigenstates $\neq$ flavour eigenstates, mass squared diff
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}
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%%
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Neutrino Mass Hierarchy}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/neutrino-mass-hierarchies.png}
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]
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{
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\item vaccum oscillations insensitive to sign of mass sq. diff.
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\item matter is sensisitive $\mapsto$ different cross-sections for $\nu$ and $\bar{\nu}$
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\item effect largest for $E_\nu \approx 30 GeV/\rho$ $\mapsto$ $1 - 20 GeV$ in KM3NeT
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\item cannot measure charge
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\item $\sigma(\nu N) \approx 2\sigma(\bar{\nu} N)$
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}
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%%
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\begin{frame}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-orca-significance-nmh.jpg}
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\end{frame}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%% ARCA
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{ARCA - Astroparticle Physics}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{ARCA - Astroparticle Physics}
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\begin{columns}
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\column{.5\textwidth}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-arca-locations-italy.png}
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\end{figure}
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\column{.5\textwidth}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/km3net-arca-block-division.png}
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\end{figure}
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]
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{
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\item horizontal distance 90m
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\item vertical distance 36m
|
||
\item depth 3.5km
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
%%
|
||
\begin{frame}
|
||
\frametitle{Differences between ARCA and ORCA}
|
||
\begin{figure}
|
||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/KM3NeT-ARCA-and-ORCA-comparison-area.png}
|
||
\end{figure}
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
|
||
%% Diffuse
|
||
\begin{frame}
|
||
\frametitle{IceCube and Expected Signal}
|
||
\begin{itemize}
|
||
\item Signals from 10 TeV to above 1 PeV
|
||
\item 54 events with reconstructed energy above 30TeV (2016, IceCube)
|
||
\end{itemize}
|
||
\pause
|
||
\begin{figure}
|
||
\includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth]{images/km3net-arca-significance-diffuse-neutrinos.png}
|
||
\end{figure}
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
|
||
%%
|
||
\begin{frame}
|
||
\frametitle{Expected Signals: Diffuse Flux from Galactic Plane}
|
||
\begin{figure}
|
||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/galactic-plane-1-GeV-gamma-rays.png}
|
||
\end{figure}
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
\note[itemize]
|
||
{
|
||
\item TeV $\gamma$-ray emmission from GP
|
||
\item same hadronic processes lead to high-energy $\nu$'s
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
%%
|
||
\begin{frame}
|
||
\frametitle{Expected Signals: Diffuse Flux from Galactic Plane}
|
||
\begin{figure}
|
||
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/km3net-arca-significance-diffuse-galactic-plane.png}
|
||
\end{figure}
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
|
||
%% Point like
|
||
\begin{frame}
|
||
\frametitle{Expected Signals: Point like sources}
|
||
\begin{itemize}
|
||
\item Good Angular Resolution
|
||
\item Galactic Sources can be probed
|
||
\end{itemize}
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
|
||
%\subsection{Glashow Resonance}
|
||
% \begin{frame}
|
||
% \frametitle{Glashow Resonance}
|
||
% \begin{figure}
|
||
% \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/km3net-arca-eff-area-glashow-resonance.png}
|
||
% \end{figure}
|
||
% \end{frame}
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
|
||
\begin{frame}
|
||
\frametitle{Recap}
|
||
\begin{itemize}
|
||
\item Deep-sea Cubic Kilometer Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea
|
||
\item 2 objectives $\mapsto$ 2 experiments
|
||
\begin{itemize}
|
||
\item ARCA: Astrophysics Research with Cosmics in the Abyss
|
||
\item ORCA: Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss
|
||
\end{itemize}
|
||
\item Significant results expected within a few years of observations
|
||
\end{itemize}
|
||
\pause
|
||
\begin{center}
|
||
\vspace{1em}
|
||
Question Time
|
||
\end{center}
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
|
||
\begin{frame}
|
||
\frametitle{}
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
\begin{frame}
|
||
\frametitle{Deployment of Strings}
|
||
\url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HKHW0hLxt4&list=PLL9OR_-tW5qOtfZigqVpzMmTSwkMjCT1s&index=8}
|
||
\end{frame}
|
||
\end{document}
|