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\title{ Possible Multi-Messenger Astrophysics on a Blazar }

\date{February 19, 2020}
\author{E.T. de Boone}


\begin{document}

\frame{\titlepage}

\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Outline}
	\tableofcontents
\end{frame}


\section{History Multi-Messenger Astrophysics}
\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{History Multi-Messenger Astrophysics}
	\begin{table}
		\centering
	\begin{tabular}{r|c|c|c|c|c}
		\textbf{Event} & \textbf{EM}	& \textbf{CR}	& \textbf{GW}	& \textbf{$\nu$} & \textbf{Date} \\
	\hline
		Solar Flare	& yes	& yes	&		&		& 1940 \\
	\hline
	\onslide<2->
		Supernova	& yes	&		& pred	& yes	& 1987 \\
	\hline
	\onslide<3->
		NS merger	& yes	&		& yes	& pred	& aug 2017 \\
	\hline
	\onslide<4->
		Blazar		& yes	& pred	&		& yes	& sep 2017 \\
	\end{tabular}
	\end{table}
\end{frame}
\note[itemize]{
	\item Optical very old, new fields in last hundred years

	\item Importance and History of Multi Messenger Astrophysics

	\item Solar Flare in 1940

	\item SN1987A in Large Magellanic Cloud in 1987
		\begin{itemize}
			\item 25 neutrinos at 3 observatories
			\item confirmed model core-collapse ( neutrinos carry 99\% Energy )
			\item Nobel Prize 2002
		\end{itemize}

	\item NS merger
		\begin{itemize}
			\item big in the news
		\end{itemize}


	\item Blazar
		\begin{itemize}
			\item not so big in the news
			\item what we will talk about
		\end{itemize}
}

\section{Neutrino Basics}
\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Neutrino Basics}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item Neutrino interacts in atmosphere, ice or water
		\item<3-> Charged particle gets into the ice or water
		\item<4-> Cherenkov photons detected by DOMs in the matter
	\end{itemize}
	\onslide<1-2>
	\begin{figure}
		\centering
			\onslide<1-2>
			\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/neutral_current.pdf}
			\quad\quad
			\onslide<2>
			\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/charged_current.pdf}
	\end{figure}
	\onslide<4->
	\begin{figure}
		\vspace*{-3cm}
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{images/prinicipal_idea_neutrino_telescope.png}
	\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\note[itemize]{

	\item Interactions
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Neutral Current: energy into $e^-$, $\nu_e$ flies off
			\item Charged C: $\nu_\mu$ on $e^-$   goes to    $\nu_e$ with $\mu$
		\end{itemize}


	\item Cherenkov light
	\item Digital-Optical Modules
	
	\item Recap: idea of telescope
}

\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Astrophysical vs Atmospheric Neutrino}
	\begin{figure}
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/neutrino_sources.png}
		%{\tiny \href{https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2012-30014-2}{10.1140/epjh/e2012-30014-2}}
	\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\note[itemize]{
	\item Distinction Atmospheric vs Astrophysical
		\begin{itemize}
			\item steep decline for > TeV
			\item lower energies
			\item solar flare, sn1987A only because of flux
		\end{itemize}
	
	\item Observatories: IceCube, ANTARES
		\begin{itemize}
			\item IceCube: 100 GeV - several PeV
			\item ANTARES: 10 GeV - 100 TeV
		\end{itemize}

	\item Types of events
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Tracklike (through-going)
			\item Showerlike
		\end{itemize}
}



\section{IceCube-170922A}
\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{IceCube-170922A}
	\pause
	\begin{figure}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/IC-170922A-event_display.png}
	\end{figure}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item<only@2> Traversing Muon
		\item<only@2> Energy deposited $~23.7$ TeV
		\item<only@3> Muon neutrino
		\item<only@3> Energy $0.3$ PeV
		\item<only@3> Spatial Resolution $< 1^\circ$
	\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\note[itemize]{
	\item 22 sept 2017 Icecube
	\item Muon detection (automated analysis)

	\item real-time alert system
	\item 43 secs initial direction and energy

	\hrule

	\item Muon track
	\item $\rightarrow$ zenith angle $5.7 \pm 0.5$
	\item $\rightarrow$ interaction outside
	\item $\rightarrow$ simulations

	\hrule

	\item IC robust $>$ PeV, individual atmospheric not excluded $\sim100$TeV

	\item followup ANTARES data
		\begin{itemize}
			\item no candidates ( $\pm 1$ day )
			\item sensitivity 1/10 of IceCube at declination
		\end{itemize}
	
	\item $\Rightarrow$ EM observation needed
}

\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{EM pinpointing of IC170922A}
	\begin{figure}
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{images/IC-170922A-positioning-FermiLAT.png}
		\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{images/IC-170922A-positioning-MAGIC.png}
	\end{figure}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item $\gamma$-ray blazar TXS 0506+056 within $0.1^\circ$ of IC event
	\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\note[itemize]{
	\item Fermi-LAT instrument
		\begin{itemize}
		 	\item 20 MeV to 300 GeV  +  pair-conversion ($e^-$ + $e^+$)
		 	\item all-sky survey ( entire sky every 3h )
		\end{itemize}
	
	\item Fermi-LAT observation
		\begin{itemize}
			\item object $0.1^\circ$ from best-fitting direction known source
			\item brightening since April 2017, confirmed by AGILE (italian)
			\item automated processing $\rightarrow$ previous flare $\rightarrow$ because neutrino
		\end{itemize}
	
	\item MAGIC instrument
		\begin{itemize}
			\item telescope on La Palma
			\item 50 GeV to 30 TeV
		\end{itemize}
	\item MAGIC observation
		\begin{itemize}
			\item observation non-optimal 2h $\rightarrow$ nothing 
			\item observation good 13h $\rightarrow$ $374 \pm 62$ excess photons
		\end{itemize}
	
	\item VERITAS, HESS no observations $\rightarrow$ upper limits (coming slide)
	\item HAWC no source above 1TeV in (archival) data

	\item $z < 1$ from flux and extragalactic background light interaction
}

\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{What is a Blazar}
	\pause
	\begin{figure}
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/BlazarNeutrinoJet.jpg}
	\end{figure}

\end{frame}
\note[itemize]{
	\item Active Galactic Nucleus
	\item early  optical and radio detections
	\item Jet from Central BH
	\item Blazar = jet pointed at us
	
	\item Joke: earth wrongly rotated for current event
}
\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Further Observations}
	\begin{figure}
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{images/TXS0506+056-observations.png}
	\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\note[itemize]{
	\item Not only Gamma Rays: X-ray to Radio
	\item dates:	left: 22 Aug 2008 to 6 Sept 2017\\
					right: 6 Sept 2017 to 22 Sept 2017
\hrule
	\item VHE $\gamma$: flare, difference because of Energy and Exposure
	\item $\gamma$: flare (AGILE confirmation), earlier flare
	\item X-Ray: 9 sources within 2.1 sq deg

	

}


\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Broadband Spectrum of TXS 0506+056}
	\begin{figure}
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{images/TXS0506+056-broadband-spectrum-distribution.png}
	\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\note[itemize]{
	\item observations within 14 days of IC-170922A
	\item archival data
	\item UL is upper limit

	\item double bump structure (characteristic of non-thermal emission)
	\item redshift difficult non-thermal outshines spectral lines
	\item later redshift measurement from optical data ($z=0.3365 \pm 0.0010$)

	\item Extrapolated Spectra connect smoothly
}



\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Chance Coincidence and Archival Data}

	\begin{itemize}
		\item $3\sigma$ non-random coincidence $\rightarrow$ inconclusive
		\pause
		\item $\nu$ detection in $2014$ in vicinity of TXS $0506+056$
	\end{itemize}

\end{frame}
\note[itemize]{
	\item IC-170922A not enough for science
		\begin{itemize}
			\item neutrino production models
			\item neutrino to gamma
		\end{itemize}

	\item real-time alert system since Apr 2016
	\item 41 archival events also tested with TXS
	
	\item neutrino 2014 - points to Blazar - lower energy
}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Recap}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item Neutrino Astronomy is cool and growing
		\item It gives new insights into sources
		\pause
		\item First Neutrino-induced Multi Messenger event in 2017
		\pause
		\item Blazar TXS 0506+056 identified as candidate source for neutrino's
	\end{itemize}
	\pause
	\begin{center}
		\vspace{1em}
		Question Time
	\end{center}

\end{frame}

\end{document}
