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\title{{\small Neutrino} \\ Multi-Messenger Astrophysics \\ on a Blazar}

\date{\today}
\author{E.T. de Boone}


\begin{document}

\frame{\titlepage}

\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Outline}
	\tableofcontents
\end{frame}



\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Multi-Messenger Astrophysics}
	\begin{table}
		\centering
	\begin{tabular}{r|c|c|c|c|c}
		\textbf{Event} & \textbf{EM}	& \textbf{CR}	& \textbf{GW}	& \textbf{$\nu$} & \textbf{Date} \\
	\hline
		Solar Flare	& yes	& yes	&		&		& 1940 \\
	\hline
	\onslide<2->
		Supernova	& yes	&		& pred	& yes	& 1987 \\
	\hline
	\onslide<3->
		NS merger	& yes	&		& yes	& pred	& aug 2017 \\
	\hline
	\onslide<4->
		Blazar		& yes	& pred	&		& yes	& sep 2017 \\
	\end{tabular}
	\end{table}
\end{frame}
\note{
	Optical very old, 
	new fields in last hundred years

	Importance and History of Multi Messenger Astrophysics

	Solar Flare in 1940

	SN1987A in Large Magellanic Cloud in 1987
	 - 25 neutrinos at 3 observatories
	 - confirmed model core-collapse ( neutrinos carry 99\% Energy )
	 - Nobel Prize 2002

	NS merger
	 - big in the news


	Blazar
	 - not so big in the news
	 - what we will talk about
}

\section{Neutrino Basics}
\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Neutrino Basics}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item Neutrino interacts in atmosphere, ice or water
		\item<3-> Charged particle gets into the ice or water
		\item<4-> Cherenkov photons detected by DOMs in the matter
	\end{itemize}
	\onslide<1-2>
	\begin{figure}
		\centering
			\onslide<1-2>
			\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/charged_current.pdf}
			\quad\quad
			\onslide<2>
			\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/neutral_current.pdf}
	\end{figure}
	\onslide<4->
	\begin{figure}
		\vspace*{-3cm}
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{images/prinicipal_idea_neutrino_telescope.png}
	\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\note{

	Interactions
	Charged Current vs Neutral Current

	NC: energy deposition into electron, 
		neutrino flies off

	CC: nu_mu on e   goes to    nu_e with mu


	Cherenkov
	Digital-Optical Modules
}

\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Astrophysical vs Atmospheric Neutrino}
	\begin{figure}
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/neutrino_sources.png}
		%{\tiny \href{https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2012-30014-2}{10.1140/epjh/e2012-30014-2}}
	\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\note{
	Distinction Atmospheric vs Astrophysical
	
	Observatories:
		ranges: IceCube, ANTARES, KM3NET

	Types of events
		Tracklike vs Showerlike
		through-going muons
}



\section{IceCube-170922A}
\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{IceCube-170922A}
	\begin{figure}
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/IC-170922A-event_display.png}
	\end{figure}
	\pause

	\begin{itemize}
		\item<only@2> Muon detected
		\item<only@2> Energy deposited $~23.7$ TeV
		\item<only@3> Muon neutrino
		\item<only@3> Energy $0.3$ PeV
		\item<only@3> Spatial Resolution $< 1^\circ$
	\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\note{
	Muon detection


	E ~ TeV => atmospheric origin not excluded
	=> EM observation needed to tie to source


	followup ANTARES
	 - 1 day
	 - sensitivity is 1/10 of IceCube

	prior data of IceCube
	 - $3\sigma$ indication of earlier detection in direction

}

\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Blazar TXS 0506+056}
	\begin{figure}
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{images/IC-170922A-positioning-FermiLAT.png}
		\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{images/IC-170922A-positioning-MAGIC.png}
	\end{figure}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item $\gamma$-ray blazar TXS 0506+056 within $0.1^\circ$ of IC event
	\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\note{
	Space based observatories
	 - all-sky survey
	 - 

	position 0.1 grad from best-fitting direction

	what is blazar
	 - AGN
	 - has jet
	 - jet pointed at us

	study triggered redshift measurement

	elevated gamma emission

	automated processing showed previous flare.
	-> usual, only studied because of neutrino
}

\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{VHE Gamma Ray}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope
		\item Water Cherenkov Telescope
	\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Further Observations}
	\begin{figure}
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{images/TXS0506+056-observations.png}
	\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\note{
	also x-ray upto radio
	introduce experiments (VHE, gamma, x-ray, optical, radio)

	dates:
		left panel:	22 Aug 2008  to  6 Sept 2017
		right panel: 6 Sept 2017  to  22 Sept 2017
	
}


\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Broadband Spectrum of TXS 0506+056}
	\begin{figure}
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{images/TXS0506+056-broadband-spectrum-distribution.png}
	\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\note{
	observations within 14 days of IC-170922A

	UL is upper limit

	double bump structure
	 - characteristic of non-thermal emission
	
	redshift measurement from optical data

}



\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Chance Coincidence and Archival Data}

	\begin{itemize}
		\item $3\sigma$ non-random coincidence
		\pause
		\item neutrino in 2014 for TXS 0506+056
	\end{itemize}

\end{frame}
\note{
	IC-170922A not enough for science
	 - neutrino production models
	 - neutrino to gamma

	real-time alert system since Apr 2016

	41 archival events also tested
	
	neutrino 2014
	 - identification for Blazar
	 - lower energy
}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{Recap}
	\begin{itemize}
		\item Neutrino Astronomy is quite difficult
		\pause
		\item First Neutrino-induced Multi Messenger event
		\pause
		\item Blazar TXS 0506+056 identified as source for neutrino's
	\end{itemize}
\end{frame}


\end{document}
