Copyright: ©Doug Wickstrom


Help Contents
Contents

Overview

Introduction

Contact Information

Software License

Product Version

Trademarks

Acknowledgments

Features

Page Layout and Printing

Screen Layout

Play Options

Other Features

Minimum System Requirements

How to..

Installation

Installing Real Bagpipe Sounds

Uninstall

Starting the Program

Opening a Sample Tune

Navigating Around the Music Window

Printing

Playing

More Playing Options

Playing Using Real Bagpipe Sounds

Writing Your First Tune

Understanding the Codes

The Naming Conventions

Staff Formatting Symbols

Time Signatures

Accidentals

Melody Notes

Rests

Dots

Fermatas

Grace Notes and Embellishments

Ties – New Format

Ties – Old Format

Irregular Groups

Runs of 3 (Triplets) - Old Format

Time Lines

Piobaireachd

The Naming Conventions

Cadences

Abbreviations

Throws

Grips

Echo Beat Grace notes

Miscellaneous Movements

Leumluaths

Taorluaths

Triplings

Crunluaths

Singling and Doubling Timelines

The Bis Timeline

Fine and Da Capo al Fine

Coda, Da Capo al Coda, and Coda Section

What if I can't find the symbol I need?

Screen Elements / Menus

Screen Elements / Menus

The Main Screen

File Menu

Edit Menu

Configure Menu

View Menu

Player Menu

Window Menu

Help Menu

Formatting the Page

Formatting the Page

The Page Setup Screen

Placing & Formatting Text

Placing & Formating Text

The Set Font Screen

Adjusting Playing Options

Adjusting Playing Options

The Play Options Screen

Special Features

Special Features

Working on More Than One Tune at a Time

Printing More Than One Tune on a Page(s)

Object Linking and Embedding

Time Signature Changes in a Tune

Tempo Changes in a Tune

Singling and Doubling Tempo Changes

Using Bagpipe Reader Responsibly


Introduction

Bagpipe Reader is a Microsoft® Windows program for engraving music for the Great Highland Bagpipe.  It comes in two versions: a 32 bit version for Windows 95, 98, 2000, Windows NT 3.5x, and 4.x; and a 16 bit version for Windows 3.1x.


Contact Information

© 1996-1999 Doug Wickstrom

Suite 1202, 1770 Barclay St.

Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6G 1K5

Phone 1-604-608-0757

Email mailto:dougwick@bc1.com

World Wide Web http://home.istar.ca/~dougwick/


Software License

This is a legal agreement between you, the end user, and Doug Wickstrom. By installing this software, you are agreeing to be bound by the terms of this agreement. If you do not agree to the terms of this agreement, promptly return the disk package and the accompanying items (including written materials and binders or other containers) to the place you obtained them for a full refund.

1.GRANT OF LICENSE. Doug Wickstrom grants to you the right to use one copy of the enclosed Bagpipe Reader software program (the "SOFTWARE") on a single terminal connected to a single computer. You may not network the SOFTWARE or otherwise use it on more than one computer or computer terminal at the same time.

2.COPYRIGHT. The SOFTWARE is owned by Doug Wickstrom and is protected by Canadian copyright laws and international treaty provisions. Therefore, you must treat the SOFTWARE like any other copyrighted material (e.g., a book or musical recording) except that you may either a) make one copy of the SOFTWARE solely for backup or archival purposes, or b) transfer the SOFTWARE to a single hard disk provided you keep the original solely for backup or archival purposes. You may not copy the written materials accompanying the software.

3.OTHER RESTRICTIONS. You may not rent or lease the SOFTWARE, but you may transfer the SOFTWARE and accompanying written materials on a permanent basis provided you retain no copies and the recipient agrees to the terms of this Agreement. You may not reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the SOFTWARE. If SOFTWARE is an update, any transfer must include the update and all prior versions.


Product Version

Version 1.00 Jan. 29, 2000


Trademarks

Bagpipe Reader is a trademark of Doug Wickstrom. Other trademarks are property of their respective companies.


Acknowledgments

Software created by Doug Wickstrom with features designed by Doug Wickstrom.  Music symbol fonts and help file were created by Doug Wickstrom.


Page Layout and Printing

•	Prints any type of Great Highland Bagpipe light music and piobaireachd (including abbreviations) on a Windows compatible printer.

•	Can include any of the following text items with the music: tune title, tune type, composer/arranger, footer (for page numbers), in-line text, text at a fixed location, and comments.

•	Prints in portrait or landscape on any paper size supported by a Windows printer driver.

•	Allows top, bottom, left and right margin settings.

•	Allows each text item to be formatted with font, font style, font size, color, underline, strikeout, and alignment (left, right, centered or absolute location).

•	Scales music horizontally and/or vertically on the page.

•	Allows music to be printed on multiple pages or fit to one page.

•	Bars can be vertically or not vertically aligned.

•	Aspect ratio and size of music symbols and symbol spacings can be adjusted.


Screen Layout

•	Split screen with music codes in bottom window and displayed music in the top window. Bar separating the windows can be adjusted vertically.

•	Zoom level on music window can be adjusted (10-200%).

•	Supports Multiple Document Interface (i.e. can open several tunes at the same time)

•	Icons for new tune, open existing tune, save tune in current window, print music, preview music, refresh music.


Play Options

•	Can play light music (including flats, naturals, and sharps) and piobaireachd (including abbreviations) on sound card or PC's internal speaker.

•	Sound card output includes sounds and independent volume controls for chanter, tenor drone, and bass drone. Duration of drone introduction (in milliseconds) can be set.

•	VCR style controls (Play, Stop/Pause, Rewind, Continuous Play) for music play. Can select a portion of the music to play either once or multiple times.

•	Can enable or disable a Moving Music Pointer that shows the current note or embellishment being played.

•	Can set absolute tempo (in beats per minute) and grace note duration (in milliseconds) for the tune.

•	Fine control over duration's for 12 different grace note types.

•	"Smooth Playing Factor" adjustment for reducing the abruptness of melody notes following complex embellishments.

•	Tempo and time signature changes can be inserted anywhere in the tune.

•	Can select the MIDI device and MIDI instrument for playing the music.

•	Real bagpipe chanter and drones sounds available (requires a Creative Labs AWE32, AWE64, Sound Blaster LIVE! sound card).

•	MIDI notes can be set for each note from Low G to High A (including flats, naturals, and sharps) and for tenor and bass drones. MIDI note test mode available.

•	PC speaker frequencies can be set for each note from Low G to High A (including flats, naturals and sharps). Frequency test mode available.

•	Repeat symbols and multiple endings (i.e. 1st Time, 2nd Time, etc.) correctly interpreted.

•	Standard music symbols (segno, dal segno, fine, and da capo al fine) available for denoting and playing piobaireachd singling and doubling variations and for returning to and playing the first line of the ground.

•	Music can be saved to a MIDI format file.

•	Three MIDI note & Frequency configurations for sound output (Low A at B flat, Low A at A natural, or User Defined).


Other Features

•	Bagpipe Reader is OLE compliant. Music can be placed into other Windows applications by linking or embedding a BWW extension file.

•	Music can be saved to image files in BMP or PCX file formats. Resolution is adjustable.

•	Users can create new symbols (requires a font editor).

•	Long file names for tune code files (only with 32 bit version).

•	Tune code files are ASCII based.


Minimum System Requirements

32 bit version: Microsoft Windows 95, 98, NT 3.51, or 4.0, 486-33MHz or faster processor, 8MB RAM, 5MB free disk space, VGA or higher resolution display card, Microsoft compatible mouse. Sound card recommended. (Note: Windows NT requires greater hardware resources).

16 bit version: Microsoft Windows 3.1x , 486-33MHz or faster processor, 8MB RAM, 5MB free disk space, VGA or higher resolution display card, Microsoft compatible mouse. Sound card recommended.


Installation

•	Before opening the diskette package, read the Software License at the front of this manual. If you agree to the License, continue otherwise return the product to the place of purchase for a full refund.

•	Turn on your computer and start Windows. Close all application programs that are currently running. For Windows 3.1x or Windows NT 3.5x ensure that Program Manager is running.

•	Open the diskette package and insert the 3.5" 1.44Mb diskette into the floppy drive. The following steps assume that A: is the floppy drive.  Replace A: with B: if it is the floppy drive.

•	For Windows 95, 98 and NT 4.x, click on Start, Run then type in a:\setup then click OK. For Windows 3.1x or NT 3.5x, click on File, Run then type in a:\setup then click OK.

•	Once InstallShield is loaded, at the Welcome screen click Next. After reading the copyright notice, click Next. Read the Software License Agreement and click Yes to accept, No to exit the installation process.

•	Enter your name, pipeband/company, and serial number (on the install disk) then click Next.

•	For Windows 95, 98 and NT 4.x, the default directory is c:\Program Files\Bagpipe Reader For Windows 3.1x and NT 3.5x, the default directory is: c:\bmwgold Click Browse to change this directory and/or drive letter or click Next to continue.

•	Confirm Bagpipe Reader is the program folder. Click Next.  Confirm that the current install settings are correct then click Next. Wait for the program files and fonts to be installed.

•	Before the program can be run, the computer must be restarted. Remove the disk from Drive A. Click on either Restart Now or Restart Later then click on Finish.

•	If Restart Now was selected, the computer will be restarted. Bagpipe Reader can then be run.

•	If Restart Later was selected, click Finish to exit the installation. Click Start, Shutdown, Restart the computer before running the program.


Installing Real Bagpipe Sounds

•	If your computer's sound card is a Creative Labs® AWE32, AWE64, or. Soundblaster® LIVE! or any other sound card that supports EMU SoundFonts®, you can install a sound font to produce Real Bagpipe Sounds (professional piper quality chanter and drones sound) when playing tunes.

•	To install the Real Bagpipe Sounds sound font, you must have previously installed the accessories programs that come with your sound card. The installation example described below is based on a Creative Labs® AWE64 Gold sound card running under Window 95.

•	Click on Start, Programs, AWE 64 Gold, AWE Control. Click on Synth. Under Instrument, select General MIDI.

•	Click Browse. In List Files of Type, select SFont Bank (*.sbk, *.sf2). Double click on C:\ and navigate to the folder where you installed Bagpipe Reader. Click on bagpipe.sbk then click OK.

•	Click Apply,  then click on OK. You will see the memory allocated to the bagpipe sound font. Click Quit.


Uninstall

Bagpipe Reader can be uninstalled. Uninstalling removes all Bagpipe Reader files including the sample tunes. If you have made modifications to the sample tunes and want to retain them, copy them to another directory.

Follow these steps to uninstall the product.

•	Click on Start, Settings, Control Panel., Add/Remove Programs Click on Bagpipe Reader, then click on Add/Remove.

•	Click Yes to remove the application and all its components. Click Yes to All to remove all shared files. Click Yes to proceed. After uninstall successfully completes, click OK.

•	Click OK to close the Add/Remove Program Properties dialog box. Click on File, Close to close Control Panel.

•	To ensure that all Bagpipe Reader files are removed, the computer must be restarted. Click Start, Shutdown, Restart the computer.

•	In Program Manager, open the Main group. Double click on File Manager icon.

•	Navigate to the directory where Bagpipe Reader is located.  Double click on UNINSTAL.EXE.

•	After uninstall successfully completes, click OK.

•	Click on File, Exit to end File Manager.

•	To ensure that all Bagpipe Reader files are removed, the computer must be restarted. From Program Manager, exit Windows using File, Exit. Restart the computer and run Windows.


Starting the Program

•	For Windows 95/98 and NT 4.x: Click on Start, Programs, Bagpipe Reader.

•	For Windows 3.1x and NT 3.5x: Open up the Bagpipe Reader group. Double click on Bagpipe Reader icon.


Opening a Sample Tune

•	Click on File, Open, then double click on Tunes folder. You will see the following screen. Then double click on "Scotland The Brave.bww" to open the tune.


Navigating Around the Music Window

•	On the screen you only see a portion of the music for "Scotland The Brave". Use the horizontal scroll bar at the bottom of the Music Window to pan right and left. Use the vertical scroll bar at the right of the Music Window to pan down and up.

•	To "fly around the music", position the cursor anywhere in the Music Window. Click the right mouse button and observe that the cursor changes shape. Move the cursor down and up, right and left and observe how the Music Window moves to show music in the direction that you move the cursor. Click the right mouse button again in the Music Window to exit "fly mode".

•	If you want to see more of the music on the screen, click on the down arrow next to the Zoom combo box and then click on a lower Zoom (lower magnification) value such as 60%. Next change the Zoom level back to 100%.


Printing

•	First check on the page layout parameters. Click on File, Page Setup to reveal the following screen.

•	Select the printer and adjust the page size, orientation, margins, then click OK. Next click File, Print, OK to print the music.


Playing

•	First set the play options. Click on Configure, Set Play Options to show the following screen

•	Adjust the tempo, grace note duration, drone introduction time, and other parameters. Bagpipe Reader uses MIDI instrument 71 for Bagpipe Chanter and Bagpipe Drone; it produces a smallpipe sound. Generally MIDI Instrument 109 (Bagpipe) on most sound cards produces an inferior bagpipe sound. Then click OK.

•	Next, locate the VCR style controls (Rewind, Stop/Pause, Play, and Continuous Play) near the top of the screen. Select the appropriate MIDI Device from the drop down list to the left of these controls.

•	To the right of these controls are the volume controls. Try adjusting the tenor and bass drone volumes.

•	Then click the Play button. Click the Stop/Pause button to pause the tune. Click Play again to resume playing. Click Rewind to start from the beginning of the tune.

•	You will notice a small ball that is positioned over notes and embellishments that are currently playing. This is called the "Moving Music Pointer" and, if desired, it can be turned off in the Configure, Set Play Options dialog box..


More Playing Options

•	You can select portions of a tune to play. For example, to select the first two bars of the second line of "Scotland The Brave", position the cursor in the Music Window at the top left corner of the first bar in line 2. Press the left mouse button down and drag the cursor to the bottom right hand corner of the second bar on line 2. During dragging, a box will be drawn around the selection as shown below. Releasing the left mouse button will cause the music in the box to become red.

•	Click the Play button. Only the selected bars of music are played. Click the Continuous Play button. The selected bars of music are played over and over. Press the Stop button.

•	You can also select music from a particular line down to the end of the music. Position the cursor in the Music Window in the margin to the left of the line you want the selection to begin at. Click the left mouse button and observe how that line and each line of music below it becomes red.

•	Click the Play button. Only the selected music plays. Press Stop button.

•	To unselect music, click left mouse button anywhere in Music Window.


Playing Using Real Bagpipe Sounds

•	If you have previously installed the SoundFont for Real Bagpipe Sounds, this section describes how you can set the MIDI device, MIDI Instruments, and MIDI Notes to play music using the Real Bagpipe Sounds. The following example is based on a Creative Labs AWE64 Gold sound card.

•	At the main screen, select the MIDI device "AWE64G MIDI Synth".

•	Next, click on Configure, Set Play Options. In Note Mapping Defaults section, click on the Set button next to "Low A at B flat". In the Instrument Settings section, enter 109 for the Chanter Instrument and 109 for the Drone Instrument. The following figure shows these settings. Click OK.

•	Click Play and enjoy the performance.


Writing Your First Tune

Creating a New Code File

Important Screen Areas

Initial Entries in the Code Window

Entering Codes for Notes and Embellishments

Veiwing Your Work (turning codes into music)

Using Copy and Paste to Quickly Enter Codes

Changing the Title, Type, Composer, and Footer

Saving the Codes in a File

Finishing the Tune


Creating a New Code File

This chapter will show you how to transcribe your first tune. The example we will use is the first part of  "Scotland The Brave".  We start by running Bagpipe Reader. When it is loaded, click on File, New to bring up the following screen.


Important Screen Areas

Code Window

The window at the bottom is the "Code Window" where codes for the various melody notes, gracenotes, embellishments, and other symbols of a tune are entered.

Music Window

Directly above the Code Window is the "Music Window". The Music Window displays bagpipe music based on the codes entered in the Code Window. The Music Window is updated whenever the Refresh button (G clef on staff icon next to the Zoom combo box) is pressed (or when View, Refresh Music is clicked).

Separator Line

The horizontal line that separates the Code and Music Windows is called the "Separator Line". The Separator Line can be adjusted to make the Code Window larger (and correspondingly the Music Window smaller) or vice-versa. To do this drag the Separator Line up or down (i.e. hover over the line, click and hold down the left mouse button, move the line to the desired location then release the left mouse button). In the following screen shots, we have adjusted the Separator Line so the Code Window is larger.


Initial Entries in the Code Window

On opening a new tune using File, New, the Code Window contains the following:

Bagpipe Reader:1.0

MIDINoteMappings,(54,56,58,59,61,63,64,66,68,56,58,60,61,63,65,66,68,70,55,57,59,60,62,64,65,67,69)

FrequencyMappings,(370,415,466,494,554,622,659,740,831,415,466,523,554,622,699,740,831,932,392,440,494,523,587,659,699,784,880)

InstrumentMappings,(71,71,45,33,1000,100)

GracenoteDurations,(20,40,30,50,100,200,800,1200,250,250,250,500,200)

FontSizes,(100,100,100,100)

TuneFormat,(1,0,F,L,500,500,500,500,P,0,0)

TuneTempo,90

"Title",(T,L,0,0,Times New Roman,16,700,0,0,18,0,0,0)

"Type",(Y,C,0,0,Times New Roman,14,400,0,0,18,0,0,0)

"Composer/Arranger",(M,R,0,0,Times New  Roman,14,400,0,0,18,0,0,0)

"Footer",(F,R,0,0,Times New Roman,10,400,0,0,0,0,0,0)

& sharpf sharpc

These lines form the header for a tune file and contain significant formatting and playing setup information. They can be ignored for the time being. Later it will be shown how to modify these parameters.


Entering Codes for Notes and Embellishments

It is now time to enter music. Using the mouse move the cursor into the Code Window and place it at the end of the initial entries. Click to place the cursor. Then type in the following characters:

( · denotes Space Bar key, · denotes the Tab key, and · denotes the Enter/Return key )

• 4_4 · I! · E_8

The codes on the last line represent the music symbols to the end of the introductory bar: G clef (&), F sharp (sharpf), C sharp (sharpc), 4/4 time signature (4_4), starting double bar lines(I! which is uppercase I exclamation mark), E eighth note (E_8 which is uppercase E,  underscore, 8). The significance of the spaces, tabs and enters will be explained later.

Now enter the first complete bar of the tune on the next line using the Right Mouse Button Menus. In the Code Window move the cursor to the start of the next blank line after the above entries. Click to place the cursor.

Click the right mouse button, hover over Staff Formatting, then hover over Barline. The screen should appear as show in the next picture. Click Barline to select it.

Now, using the steps described above, select each listed code and insert it.

Tab/Next Beat

Single Gracenote, Gracenotes, High G

Melody Notes, Quarter, LowA

Tab/Next Beat

Embellishments, Taorluaths, with D gracenote

Melody Notes, Eighth, Right Tail, Low A

Dots, Low A

Melody Notes, Sixteenth, Left Tail, B

Tab/Next Beat

Embellishments, Doublings, Regular, C

Melody Notes, Eighth, Right Tail, C

Single Gracenotes, Gracenotes, High E

Melody Notes, Eighth, Left Tail, Low A

Tab/Next Beat

Embellishments, Doublings, Regular, C

Melody Notes, Eighth, Right Tail, C

Melody Notes, Eighth, Left Tail, E

The resulting codes should be

! · gg · LA_4 · tar · LAr_8 · 'la · Bl_16 · dbc · Cr_8 · eg · LAl_8 · dbc · Cr_8 · El_8

Note that a Tab character is always placed before the start of a beat and the Return character is always placed at the end of a bar. Spaces are used in all other cases to separate codes.

On the next line, type in the second bar of the tune.

! · dbha · HA_4 · strhg · HA_4 · grp · HAr_8 · El_8 · dbc · Cr_8 · eg · LAl_8

!t

Note the terminating bar line (!t). This code is placed at the end of a line of music that is not the end of a part. However, we place it here because a terminating barline, or an ending double barlines (!I) or an ending double barlines with repeats (''!I) must appear at the end of a line of music to show the music on the screen. A terminating bar line is always placed flush with the end of the staff.


Veiwing Your Work (turning codes into music)

Click on the Refresh Music icon.

Now in front of the terminating barline (!t), enter bars 3 and 4 as follows:

! · thrd · D_4 · gg · Fr_8 · 'f · Dl_16 · dbc · Cr_8 · El_8 · dbc · Cr_8 · eg · LAl_8

! · grp · B_4 · dbe · E_4 · strla · Er_8 · 'e · Fl_16 · gg · Er_16 · 'e · Dl_32 · gg · Cr_16 · 'c Bl_32

!t

Note the terminating bar line (!t) must now appear at the end of bar 4. Press the Refresh

Drag the horizontal scroll bar in the Music Window to the right to see bars 3 and 4. You can also click on the Play icon to hear the first line of music.


Using Copy and Paste to Quickly Enter Codes

In bagpipe music, it is very common to see bars of music repeated in other parts and within the same part (e.g. typically in a part, bar 5 is the same as bar 1, bar 6 the same as bar 2. Also, the ending phrase (bars 7 and 8) in each part is the same). Examining the music of the first part of Bonnie Dundee we find that bars 5, 6, and 7 are the same as bars 1, 2 and 3 respectively.

The Code Window has cut/copy/paste features of a simple text editor. Thus, to copy bars 1, 2 and 3 to bars 5, 6 and 7 do the following:

•	In the Code Window, insert a new staff line on the next blank line using the right mouse button menu item New Staff

•	Highlight the codes for bars 1, 2 and 3 (click at the start of bar 1 and drag to the end of bar 3)

•	Click on the Copy icon, or hit Control C, or click on Edit, Copy.

•	Click on the next blank line after the codes for bar 4, then click on the Paste icon, or hit Control V, or click on Edit, Paste. You should have enter and pasted in the following text.

& · sharpf · sharpc

gg · LA_4 · tar · LAr_8 · 'la · Bl_16 · dbc · Cr_8 · eg · LAl_8 · dbc · Cr_8 · El_8

! · dbha · HA_4 · strhg · HA_4 · grp · HAr_8 · El_8 · dbc · Cr_8 · eg · LAl_8

! · thrd · D_4 · gg · Fr_8 · 'f · Dl_16 · dbc · Cr_8 · El_8 · dbc · Cr_8 · eg · LAl_8

Because bar 5 is the beginning of a new line of music, it is necessary to place a G clef and F sharp and C sharp symbols at the start of the line. However, because it is in the middle of a part of music, it does not need an opening barline. Thus, delete the first exclamation mark at the start of bar 5. Then after bar 7, type in the codes for bar 8 as follows:

! · grp · B_4 · gg · LAr_8 · 'la · Bl_16 · strlg · LA_4 · dbc · Cr_8 · El_8 · !I

The codes for bars 5, 6, 7, and 8 should now appear as:

& · sharpf · sharpc

gg · LA_4 · tar · LAr_8 · 'la · Bl_16 · dbc · Cr_8 · eg · LAl_8 · dbc · Cr_8 · El_8

! · dbha · HA_4 · strhg · HA_4 · grp · HAr_8 · El_8 · dbc · Cr_8 · eg · LAl_8

! · thrd · D_4 · gg · Fr_8 · 'f · Dl_16 · dbc · Cr_8 · El_8 · dbc · Cr_8 · eg · LAl_8

! · grp · B_4 · gg · LAr_8 · 'la · Bl_16 · strlg · LA_4 · dbc · Cr_8 · El_8 · !I

Note the ending double bar lines (!I which is exclamation mark, uppercase I). These are placed at the end of parts that are not repeated.

Now click on the Refresh Music icon. Click on the down arrow to the right of the Zoom list box and click on 75%. Drag down the Separator Line to see the two lines of music in the Music Window and the corresponding codes in the Code Window.

Click on the Play icon to hear the first part played twice through.


Changing the Title, Type, Composer, and Footer

To change a tune detail element (such as Title, Type, Composer or Footer), do the following:

•	In the Music Window click on the text of the element.

•	Click on Configure, Set Font.

•	The Font dialog box will appear. In the Text Setup section, enter the correct text in the Text box.

•	Adjust the font, style, point size, and alignment of the text, if desired.

•	Click on OK to set the new parameters.

Shown below is the Font dialog box with "Bonnie Dundee" entered as the Tune Title, (before OK is clicked).

Using the above steps, set the following information:

•	Scotland The Brave as the Tune Title

•	March as the Tune Type.

•	Trad. as the Composer

•	Tutorial October 1999 as the Footer. Also, change the alignment of this element to Right Aligned.


Saving the Codes in a File

It is important to frequently save your entered codes. To do this, click on the Save icon, or click on File, Save.

The first time the codes are saved, the Save As dialog box appears with the default folder being the Tunes folder where Bagpipe Reader is installed. For the codes entered so far, continue as follows:

•	Ensure that you are in the Tunes folder.

•	For new files, the default file name is taken from the tune title. Click Save to save Scotland The Brave.bww

The following screen shows the Save As dialog box before Save is clicked.

It is also important to include the BWW extension on the code file names. This will allow you to open BWW files by double clicking on them in Windows Explorer or File Manager.

Also, you can include bagpipe music in other Windows applications, by inserting a BWW file as an OLE object in the Windows application (see the chapter on Advanced Topics).


Finishing the Tune

To finish Scotland The Brave, enter the second part as shown below. Use some of the shortcuts described above to simplify the task.

& · sharpf sharpc

I! · dbha · HA_4 · strhg · HA_4 · grp · HAr_8 · El_8 · dbc Cr_8 eg LAl_8

! · dbha · HA_4 · strhg · HA_4 · grp · HAr_8 · El_8 · dbc · Cr_8 · El_8

! · dbha · HA_4 · strhg · HAr_8 · 'ha · HGl_16 · tg · F_4 · dbha · HAr_8 · 'ha · HGl_16

! · tg · Fr_8 · HAl_8 · strf · HGr_8 · Fl_8 · dbe · Er_8 · Dl_8 · dbc · Cr_8 · Bl_8 · !t

& sharpf sharpc

• gg · LA_4 · tar · LAr_8 · 'la · Bl_16 · dbc · Cr_8 · eg · LAl_8 · dbc · Cr_8 · El_8

! · dbha · HA_4 · strhg · HA_4 · grp · HAr_8 · El_8 · dbc · Cr_8 · eg · LAl_8

! · thrd · D_4 · gg · Fr_8 · 'f · Dl_16 · dbc · Cr_8 · El_8 · dbc · Cr_8 · eg · LAl_8

! · grp · B_4 · gg · LAr_8 · 'la · Bl_16 · strlg · LA_4 · 'la · !I

Once the codes are entered, click on the down arrow to the right of the Zoom combo box, click on the value 60%, then click on the Refresh Music icon. Adjust the Separator Bar so that the whole tune appears on screen as shown below.

Finally, check your work by playing the tune, printing it, and saving it.


Understanding the Codes - The Naming Conventions
The Naming Conventions

The previous chapters have introduced several codes in constructing a simple, well known tune. In this chapter you will learn the codes for all the bagpipe music symbols in Bagpipe Reader used for light music.

First, here are the general naming conventions for the codes.

•	Melody notes are in upper case letters (LG, LA, B, etc.).

•	Grace notes and embellishments are in lower case letters (gg, dbc, etc.)

•	All other codes, except for a few special symbols, are in lower case letters.

•	Codes are classified into "playing" (i.e. that will produce a sound; melody notes, grace notes, embellishments) and "non-playing" (i.e. will not produce a sound; used for music formatting (G clef, bar line, time signatures, etc.) or music modifying (dots, runs of three, ties, etc.)).


Staff Formatting Symbols

•	The G clef is coded by the "and" symbol (&) and MUST appear at the start of each staff line. It is used to mark the symbols that appear on a line of staff.

•	There are two Start of Parts symbols. The code I!'' (uppercase I, exclamation mark, and two apostrophes) is used to begin a part that is repeated. The code I! (uppercase I, exclamation mark) is used to begin a part that is not repeated.

•	There are two End of Parts symbols. The code ''!I (two apostrophes, exclamation mark, and uppercase I) is used to end a part that is repeated. The code !I (exclamation mark, uppercase I) is used to end a part that is not repeated. These symbols are mirror images of the Start of Part symbols. They are required to ensure that the symbols occur flush with the end of the staff.

•	Bar lines are coded by the single exclamation mark (!).

•	A special bar line called a "terminating bar line" !t (exclamation mark followed by lowercase t) is used to code the end of a bar of music that is the last bar on the staff but not the last bar of the part. An example of this would be the bar line at the end of bar 4. The use of the terminating bar line is required to ensure that the line occurs flush with the end of the staff.


Time Signatures

•	Time signatures are coded by one or two digits for the "numerator", followed by the underscore character (_), followed by a digit for the denominator (e.g. 2_4 indicates a "two-four" tune, 12_8 indicates a "twelve-eight" tune). Two special symbols C and C_ denote common time ("four-four") and cut common time ("two-two"), respectively. Typically, the common time signature is used in strathspeys and the cut common time signature in reels.


Accidentals

•	Accidentals are symbols used to indicate a change in pitch of a note. They include flats, naturals and sharps . The codes for these accidentals consist of the type of accidental followed by the note (e.g. flatb, naturalc, sharpf).

•	Accidentals can be placed at the start of a staff directly after the clef to denote the key signature. On the Great Highland Bagpipe, the F and C are actually F sharp and C sharp, respectively. Thus, the F sharp and C sharp symbols (in that order to properly denote the D Major key signature) should be placed directly after the clef.

Historically, bagpipe music has not included the F sharp and C sharp accidentals. However, there are several reasons why they should be used:

•	an increasing number of new bagpipe compositions are including F natural and C natural notes (created by cross-fingering the notes) and they need to be properly represented on the staff.

bagpipe music is increasingly being used by non-pipers (folk groups, fiddlers, etc.) and should be written according to standard music theory so that these musicians can correctly read and interpret the music.

•	with computer programs, like Bagpipe Reader, using MIDI devices to create bagpipe sounds, the correct MIDI notes must be played to achieve the F and C sharps and naturals.

For these reasons, Bagpipe Reader defaults to using the F sharp and C sharp accidentals at the beginning of a staff.

•	Accidentals can also be placed before notes on a staff to affect their pitch.  If an accidental is placed before a note, it affects the pitch of that note and all the other same notes until the end of the bar. Beginning in the next bar, the note reverts back to the pitch set at the start of the staff line.

e.g. If a staff line begins with the G clef, F sharp, and C sharp symbols, then F's and C's throughout the line will be played as F sharp and C sharp respectively. If however a C natural accidental is placed before a C in a bar, then that C and all other C's after it in the bar will be played as C natural. In the following bar, the C's revert to C sharps.

Flats, Naturals and Sharps

flatlg flatla flatb flatc flatd flate flatf flathg flatha

naturallg naturalla naturalb naturalc naturald naturale naturalf naturalhg naturalha

sharplg sharpla sharpb sharpc sharpd sharpe sharpf sharphg sharpha


Melody Notes

•	Melody note codes begin with the melody note in upper case (e.g. LG, B, HA for Low G, B, and High A, respectively), followed by the flag direction (r for right facing, l for left facing, and no character for single melody notes or notes greater than an eighth), the underscore character (_) and then the value of the note (1 for whole note, 2 for half note, 4 for quarter note, etc.). At least one melody note must always be on a staff.  Some examples of melody notes are LG_4 HA_8 Fr_16 Dl_32 denoting a Low G quarter note, High A eighth note, F sixteenth note with right facing flags, and D thirty-second note with left facing flags, respectively.

Whole and Half Notes

Quarter and Eighth Notes

Sixteenth and Thirty-Second Notes

Eighth Notes with Right and Left Facing Flags

Sixteenth Notes with Right and Left Facing Flags

Thirty-Second Notes with Right and Left Facing Flags


Rests

Rests are silent periods in music. They are coded like melody notes. e.g.  REST_4  is a quarter note rest.

REST_1  REST_2  REST_4  REST_8  REST_16  REST_32


Dots

•	Dots are coded by the apostrophe (') followed by lowercase letters for the note. e.g. 'la is a dot on Low A.  Dots increase the duration of the preceding melody note by half its duration. Effectively, they increase the duration of the melody note by 50%.  The codes for dots must be placed after the codes for the preceding melody note.

•	Double dots are coded with two apostrophes.  e.g. ''la  is a double dot on Low A.  Double dots act like a "dot on a dot" i.e. they effectively increase the duration of the preceding melody note by 75%. The codes for dots must be placed after the codes for the preceding melody note

Single and Double Dots

'lg	'la	'b	'c	'd	'e	'f	'hg	'ha

''lg	''la	''b	''c	''d	''e	''f	''hg	''ha


Fermatas

•	A fermata is an indefinite pause or extension of a melody note. It is coded by the word fermat  followed by the note (e.g.  fermatla  is a fermata over Low A).

•	The code for the fermata must be placed directly after the melody note. During playing, Bagpipe Reader interprets fermatas like double dots, increasing the duration of the preceding melody note by 75%.

fermatlg	fermatla	fermatb	fermatc	fermatd

fermate	fermatf	fermathg	fermatha


Grace Notes and Embellishments

•	The codes for grace notes and embellishments must always be in lowercase letters and must appear before the code for a melody note.

•	The codes for single grace notes begin with the note of the grace note followed by the letter g for grace note (i.e.  gg  dg  eg  tg  for High G, D, E, and Thumb (High grace notes, respectively).

•	The codes for embellishments (multiple grace notes) begin with the type of movement (db for doubling, hdb for half doubling, etc.) and generally end with the letter denoting the major note of the embellishment (e.g.  tdbd for thumb doubling on D, gstb for G grace note strike on B, etc.)

•	Generally, g and t are the first letters of the codes for embellishments that begin with a High G or High A grace note, respectively. h is the first letter for embellishments that are "half" versions of the embellishment.

•	Strikes are special exceptions for the coding of single grace notes. Strikes are coded with the characters   str   followed by the note that is being struck (e.g.  strlg denotes a single grace note striking Low G).

•	Some embellishments are played the same no matter what the starting and ending melody notes are (e.g.  grp  for grip,  tar  for taorluath, etc.)

Single Grace notes

ag	bg	cg	dg	eg	fg	gg	tg

Regular, Thumb and Half Doublings

dblg	dbla	dbb	dbc	dbd	dbe	dbf	dbhg	dbha

tdblg	tdbla	tdbb	tdbc	tdbd	tdbe	tdbf

hdblg	hdbla	hdbb	hdbc	hdbd	hdbe	hdbf

Single Strikes

strlg	strla	strb	strc	strd	stre	strf	strhg

G Grace note, Thumb and Half Strikes

gstla	gstb	gstc	gstd	lgstd	gste	gstf

tstla	tstb	tstc	tstd	ltstd	tste	tstf	tsthg

hstla	hstb	hstc	hstd	lhstd	hste	hstf	hsthg

Regular Grips

grp	hgrp	grpb	grpb

G Grace note, Thumb and Half Grips

ggrpla	ggrpb	ggrpc	ggrpd	ggrpdb	ggrpe	ggrpf

tgrpla	tgrpb	tgrpc	tgrpd	tgrpdb	tgrpe	tgrpf	tgrphg

hgrpla	hgrpb	hgrpc	hgrpd	hgrpdb	hgrpe	hgrpf	hgrphg	hgrpha

Taorluaths and Bublys

tar	tarb	htar	bubly	hbubly

Birls

brl	abr	gbr	tbr

Light, Heavy and Half D Throws

thrd	hvthrd	hthrd	hhvthrd

Regular, Thumb Grace note and Half Peles

pella	pelb	pelc	peld	lpeld	pele	pelf

tpella	tpelb	tpelc	tpeld	ltpeld	tpele	tpelf	tpelhg

hpella	hpelb	hpelc	hpeld	lhpeld	hpele	hpelf	hpelhg

Regular Double Strikes

st2la	st2b	st2c	st2d	lst2d	st2e	st2f	st2hg	st2ha

G Grace note, Thumb and Half Double Strikes

gst2la	gst2b	gst2c	gst2d	lgst2d	gst2e	gst2f

tst2la	tst2b	tst2c	tst2d	ltst2d	tst2e	tst2f	tst2hg

hst2la	hst2b	hst2c	hst2d	lhst2d	hst2e	hst2f	hst2hg	hst2ha

Regular Triple Strikes

st3la	st3b	st3c	st3d	lst3d	st3e	st3f	st3hg	st3ha

G Grace note, Thumb and Half Triple Strikes

gst3la	gst3b	gst3c	gst3d	lgst3d	gst3e	gst3f

tst3la	tst3b	tst3c	tst3d	ltst3d	tst3e	tst3f	tst3hg

hst3la	hst3b	hst3c	hst3d	lhst3d	hst3e	hst3f	hst3hg	hst3ha

Double Grace notes

dlg	dla	db	dc	elg	ela	eb	ec	ed

flg	fla	fb	fc	fd	fe

glg	gla	gb	gc	gd	ge	gf

tlg	tla	tb	tc	td	te	tf	thg


Ties - New Format
Ties – New Format

•	Ties are used to extend the playing of a note across a beat. New codes for ties have been introduced that will be compatible with a future "drag and drop" version of a bagpipe software product (Dreaming).

•	Ties are coded by the caret character (^) followed by the lowercase letter  t, followed by the lowercase letter  s  (for start) or  e  (for end) (e.g. ^ts is the start of a tie between two melody notes and ^te  is the end of the tie)

•	The starting tie code must be placed BEFORE the first of the two melody notes to be tied. The ending tie code must be placed AFTER the second of the two melody notes to be tied. e.g. ^ts LA_4 LA_4 ^te  ties two Low A quarter notes together.

Some examples of  ^ts  and  ^te


Ties - Old Format
Ties – Old Format

•	These following codes apply to the previous version for coding ties and are not recommended for current use. Their use is supported only for compatibility with previous versions of bagpipe software.

•	Ties are coded by the caret character (^) followed by the lowercase letter  t, followed by lowercase letters indicating the note to be tied (e.g. ^tc is a tie between two C melody notes.

•	The tie code must be placed BETWEEN the two melody notes to be tied. e.g. LA_4 ^tla LA_4  ties two Low A quarter notes together.

^tlg	^tla	^tb	^tc	^td

^te	^tf	^thg	^tha


Irregular Groups

•	Irregular groups are used to denote the playing of a certain number of notes in the time of a different number of notes. The most common irregular group is a "Triplet" or "Run of 3" which is 3 notes played in the time of 2 notes.

•	Βαγπιπε	Bagpipe Reader supports the following irregular groups:

Duplets:  The value of 2 notes played in the time of 3 notes
Triplets:  The value of 3 notes played in the time of 2 notes
Quadruplets:  The value of 4 notes played in the time of 3 or 6 notes
Quintuplets:  The value of 5 notes played in the time of 3 or 4 notes
Sextuplets:  The value of 6 notes played in the time of 4 notes
Septuplets:  The value of 7 notes played in the time of 4 or 6 notes.

•	Duplets are coded by the caret character (^) followed by the number  2, followed by the lowercase letter  s  (for start) or  e  (for end) (e.g. ^2s is the start of a duplet and  ^2e  is the end of the duplet).

•	Triplets are coded by the caret character (^) followed by the number  3, followed by the lowercase letter  s  (for start) or  e  (for end) (e.g. ^3s is the start of a triplet and  ^3e  is the end of the triplet).

•	The other irregular groups are coded by the caret character (^) followed by the number of notes played, followed by the number of notes in the time of, followed by the lowercase letter  s  (for start) or  e  (for end) (e.g. ^53s is the start of a quintuplet played in the time of 3 notes and  ^53e  is the end of the quintuplet).

•	The starting code for an irregular group must be placed BEFORE the first of the notes in the group. The ending code must be placed AFTER the last of the notes in the group.  e.g. ^3s Cr_8 Fl_8 gg LAl_8 ^3e   is a triplet over C, F, and Low A melody notes).

^2s ^2e	^3s ^3e	^43s ^43e	^46s ^46e	^53s ^53e	^54s ^54e

^64s ^64e	^74s ^74e	^76s ^76e


Runs of 3 (Triplets) - Old Format

•	The following codes apply to the previous version for coding runs of 3 (triplets) and are not recommended for current use. Their use is supported only for compatibility with previous versions of bagpipe software.

•	Runs of 3 are coded by the caret character (^) followed by the digit 3, followed by the lowercase letters for the highest melody note that the run should clear (e.g.  ^3f  is a run of 3 that will provide adequate clearance over a F melody note).

•	The run of 3 code must be placed AFTER the three melody notes in a run (e.g.  Cr_8 El_8 gg LAl_8 ^3e )

^3lg	^3la	^3b	^3c	^3d

^3e	^3f	^3hg	^3ha


Time Lines

Time lines are the lines that appear over bars of music to denote music variations when a part is repeated. Typically there is a "1st Time" and a "2nd Time" to a repeated part. Time lines are coded by a "Start of Time Line" code and an "End of Time Line" code.

Start of Time Line

•	Time lines are coded by the apostrophe (') followed by the number 1 or 2 (denoting whether it applies to the first time or second time), followed by additional digits indicating other parts that these bars apply to (if no additional digits appear it applies only to the current part).

•	Some examples of Start of Time Lines are  '1  which indicates that the following bars apply only to the first time through the current part, and '224 which indicates that the following bars apply to the second time through the current part AND the second time through the second and fourth parts.

•	A Start of Time Line symbol must be placed directly BEFORE the first code coming under the time line.

End of Time Line

•	The end of a time line is coded with an End of Time Line code, an underscore character (_) followed by the apostrophe ('). Its presence causes a horizontal line to be drawn over the music from the Start of Time Line code to the current position.

•	The End of Time Line code can be placed on the current line of music or it can be placed on the next line of music, if it needs to extend that far. However, it must be placed directly AFTER the last code coming under the time line.

•	Also, an End of Time Line code must be placed somewhere BEFORE a part ending code (such as !I or ''!I) and never after a part ending code.

•	For every Start of Time Line code there must be a corresponding End of Time Line code.

'1	_'	'2	_'	'22	_'

'23	_'	'24	_'	'224	_'	'intro	_'

'25	_'	'26	_'	'27	_'	'28	_'

Examples of Correct Implementations of Time Lines

•	There are many ways time lines can be implemented so that they result in correct play of the first time and the second time music. The following examples illustrate correct implementations of time lines. Because they are taken from the sample tunes, the codes can be examined.

First and Second Times in the same line

•	"The Balmoral Highlanders" - first part. Although it appears like the time lines are run together, they are in fact separate.  '1 _'  '2 _'

First and Second Times in the same part

•	"The Gold Ring" - sixth part. Note that the music for the second time must appear directly after the music for the first time. The music for the second time must end with an ending double bar line code but without the repeat mark.

First and Second Times across parts

•	"The Rakes of Kildare" - first and second parts. In these cases, the music for the second time appears before the music for the first time. This example also illustrates how time lines can continue across lines within the same part.


Piobaireachd - The Naming Conventions
The Naming Conventions

The previous chapter presented the codes available for constructing light music. In this chapter you will learn the additional codes needed for writing piobaireachd in Bagpipe Reader. The symbols used are based upon the Piobaireachd Society and Kilberry collections.


Cadences

•	Cadences are coded by the lowercase letters cad followed by the letters for the grace notes in the cadence.  e.g.  cadged  is a cadence with High G, E and D grace notes.  Cadences with fermatas begin with  fcad

cadged	cadge	caded	cade	cadaed	cadae

fcadged	fcadge	fcaded	fcade	fcadaed	fcadae

cadgf	cadaf	fcadgf	fcadaf


Abbreviations

•	Many piobaireachd movements also appear as abbreviations (gives more space on the staff & easier to learn the tune's patterns). The codes for the abbreviations are the same as the movement but begin with the letter  p

•	Unless indicated otherwise, the code for an abbreviation must be placed before the code for a melody note. The abbreviation will then be centered over that melody note.


Throws

•	Throws are coded, as closely as possible, to their canntaireachd vocables.

E, F and High G Throws

embari	endari	chedari	hedari

pembari	pendari	pchedari	phedari

High A and D Throws

•	tra8  (ptra8) with longer Low Gs would be used with D echobeats.

dili	tra	htra	tra8

pdili	ptra	phtra	ptra8

G Grace note, Thumb and Half Throws

gedre	gdare

tedre	tdare	tchechere

dre	hedale	hchechere


Grips

•	Like throws, Grips are coded, as closely as possible, to their canntaireachd vocables.

Regular Grips

grp	deda

pgrp

Half Grips

enbain	otro	odro	adeda

penbain	potro	podro	padeda

G Grace note and Thumb Grips

genbain	gotro	godro	gadeda

tenbain	totro	todro	tadeda


Echo Beat Grace notes

•	Echo beat grace notes are the second grace note strikes used in echo beat sequences. They are played longer than the first strike and as such they are written as 1/16th grace notes rather than 1/32nd grace notes.

•	Εχηο	Echo beat grace notes are coded with the lowercase letters  echo  followed the note that is being struck. e.g.  echola  is an echo beat grace note that strikes Low A. Here is a F echo beat sequence:
gg Fr_16 stre Fl_8 'e echoe E_4

echolg	echola	echob	echoc	echod

echoe	echof	echohg	echoha

Darodos

•	The darodo movement is like the bubly movement in light music. The  darodo16  and  pdarodo16  movements have longer first and last Low Gs.

darodo	darodo16	hdarodo

pdarodo	pdarodo16	phdarodo


Miscellaneous Movements

•	The following movements are also used in piobaireachd. Of note is  din  which is typically used in the ending phrase of a line. It is different from a  strlg  because it is a 1/16th grace note and is played. However, the  din  is less in duration than  echolg.

hiharin	phiharin	rodin	chelalho	din


Leumluaths

•	Leumluaths are used in Leumluath (grip) variations. The code for the full notation leumluath begins with  lem. The leumluath using a B grace note is coded as  lemb  The code for the lemluath abbreviation is  pl

•	The code for the abbreviation for the leumluath is placed after the code for the melody note (e.g. LA_4 pl). Bagpipe Reader places the abbreviation symbol under that melody note.

•	During playing, Bagpipe Reader processing the leumluath abbreviations as follows:

If the melody note before the abbreviation is a Low G, Low A, B, C, D, E or F, a High G gracenote is played before the melody note. If the melody note is a High G, then a thumb gracenote is played. If the melody note is a High A, no gracenote is played. The embellishment is then played followed by a special E gracenote (as opposed to the E melody note), the duration of which can be adjusted.

•	As shown below, there are two ways of playing the leumluath from Low G . The first (D grace note on Low A) is the style used in the Piobaireachd Society and Kilberry collections. The second (D grace note on Low G) is the style several well-known pipers over the years have promoted because it is the actual leumluath movement with the first Low G grace note removed. For consistency with the Piobaireachd Society and Kilberry collections, the abbreviation for Low G leumluath is for the first style.

Regular Leumluaths

lem	lem	lem	lemb	hlemla	hlemlg

pl	pl	pl	plb	phlla

Leumluath "Breabach"

•	Strictly speaking, there is no such thing as a Leumluath Breabach. However, the term is used here to denote a leumluath with no special E grace note played at the end of the movement. This permits a longer E melody note (usually with a fermata over it) to be played. The music example below illustrates the use of the "leumluath breabach".

lembrea	lembbrea	hlemlabrea

plbrea	plbbrea	phllabrea


Taorluaths

•	Taorluaths are used in the Taorluath variations.

•	The code for the abbreviation for the taorluath is placed after the code for the melody note (e.g. LA_4 pt). Bagpipe Reader places the abbreviation symbol under that melody note.

•	During playing, Bagpipe Reader processing the taorluath abbreviations as follows:

If the melody note before the abbreviation is a Low G, Low A, B, C, D, E or F, a High G gracenote is played before the melody note. If the melody note is a High G, then a thumb gracenote is played. If the melody note is a High A, no gracenote is played. The embellishment is then played followed by a special Low A gracenote (as opposed to the Low A melody note), the duration of which can be adjusted.

•	As in the Leumluath section above, there are two ways of playing the taorluath from Low G to Low A.: the D grace note on Low A style and the D grace note on Low G style. Again, for consistency with the Piobaireachd Society and Kilberry collections, the abbreviation for the taorluath from Low G to Low A is for the first style.

Regular Taorluaths

tar	tar	tar	tarb	htarla	htarlg

pt	pt	pt	ptb	phtla

Closed Taorluaths

tarbrea	tarbbrea	htarlabrea

ptbrea	ptbbrea	phtlabrea

Taorluath a Machs

•	The code for the abbreviation for the taorluath a mach is placed before the code for the melody note (e.g. ptmb B_4). Bagpipe Reader places the abbreviation symbol under that melody note.

•	Taorluath a Machs are played the same as a regular embellishment.

(The codes shown here are for the second line)

ptmb	ptmc	ptmd


Triplings

•	Triplings variations are found in piobaireachds of fosgailte construction. They are like a taorluath variation.

•	The code for the abbreviation for a tripling is placed before the code for the melody note (e.g. ptripla LA_16). Bagpipe Reader places the abbreviation symbol under that melody note.

•	Triplings are played the same as a regular embellishment.

G Gracenote Triplings

(The codes shown here are for the second line)

ptriplg	ptripla	ptripb	ptripc

Thumb Gracenote Triplings

(The codes shown here are for the second line)

pttriplg	pttripla	pttripb	pttripc

Half Triplings

(The codes shown here are for the second line)

phtriplg	phtripla	phtripb	phtripc


Crunluaths

•	Crunluaths are used in the Crunluath variations.

•	The code for the abbreviation for the crunluath is placed after the code for the melody note (e.g. LA_4 pc). Bagpipe Reader places the abbreviation symbol under that melody note.

•	During playing, Bagpipe Reader processing the crunluath abbreviations as follows:

If the melody note before the abbreviation is a Low G, Low A, B, C, D, E or F, a High G gracenote is played before the melody note. If the melody note is a High G, then a thumb gracenote is played. If the melody note is a High A, no gracenote is played. The embellishment is then played followed by a special E gracenote (as opposed to the E melody note), the duration of which can be adjusted.

•	As in the Leumluath section above, there are two ways of playing a non-closed crunluath from Low G: the D grace note on Low A style and the D grace note on Low G style. Again, for consistency with the Piobaireachd Society and Kilberry collections, the abbreviation for the non-closed crunluath from Low G is for the first style.

Regular Crunluaths

crunl	crunl	crunl	crunlb	hcrunlla	hcrunllgla

pc	pc	pc	pcb	phcla

Closed Crunluaths

crunlbrea	crunlbbrea	hcrunllabrea

pcbrea	pcbbrea	phclabrea

Crunluath a Machs

•	The code for the abbreviation for the crunluath a mach is placed before the code for the melody note (e.g. pcmb B_4). Bagpipe Reader places the abbreviation symbol under that melody note.

•	The abbreviations for Crunluath a Machs are played the same as regular embellishments. However, Bagpipe Reader then plays the code for the melody note that follows (which is entered as a B, C, or D quarter note) to an "E".

edrelg	edrela

pedrelg	pedrela

Crunluath Fosgailte a Machs

edreb	edrec	edred

pedreb	pedrec	pedred


Singling and Doubling Timelines

•	The start of singling and doubling timelines are denoted by the codes 'si and 'do  respectively. The end of the singling and doubling timelines is denoted by the code  _'

•	If singling and doubling timelines are used in a variation, then codes for the standard music theory symbols  segno  and  dalsegno  must be used to properly indicate the start and end of the variation for playing. The segno code must be placed at the start of the variation before the starting double barlines. The dalsegno code must be placed at the end of the variation after the ending double barlines.

segno	'si	_'	'do	_'	dalsegno


The Bis Timeline

•	"Bis" is the standard music theory symbol used to denote a passage that is played twice. Playing a certain phrase twice is quite common in piobaireachd. The use of the bis timeline is denoted by the start code  'bis   and the end code  bis_'

'bis	bis_'

•	The bis timeline rises above the singling and doubling timelines as well as the first and second time timelines.


Fine and Da Capo al Fine

•	In piobaireachd, it is standard practise to play the first line of the Ground variation after finishing the final Crunluath variation. To properly represent this in the music, the codes for the standard music theory symbols  dacapoalfine  (meaning "return to the beginning of the piece and play until the word fine") and  fine  (meaning "final or end") are used.

•	The dacapoalfine code is placed after the ending double barlines of the last variation. The fine code is placed after the last note to be sounded in the first line of the Ground variation.

fine

dacapoalfine


Coda, Da Capo al Coda, and Coda Section

•	The standard music theory symbol  coda  does not normally appear in standard bagpipe music. However, some bagpipe music arrangements that are set for playing with other instruments, use the coda symbol. Thus, it is included here for completeness. The following music example illustrates how coda can be used.

coda

dacapoalcoda

codasection

•	Line 1 (Ground) is played. The  coda  symbol is ignored during this pass.

•	Line 2 (Crunluath A Mach) is played.  When  dacapoalcoda is encountered, Bagpipe Reader branches backward to the beginnning of the music.

•	Line 1 is played (again). When the  coda  symbol is encountered during this pass, Bagpipe Reader branches forward to the  codasection.

•	Line 3 ("A little flourish…") is played to the end of the music.


What if I can't find the symbol I need?

Bagpipe Reader symbols are contained in seven Windows TrueType font files (BMW1.TTF to BMW7.TTF). An eighth TrueType font file (BMW8.TTF) has been created to hold User Requested Symbols.

If you cannot locate a particular bagpipe music embellishment among the available symbols, contact us to request the symbol. We will either inform you of an existing symbol combination that will meet your needs or we will create the symbol for you, assign it a code, place it in BMW8.TTF and post it to our homepage. It will be available for you and other Bagpipe Reader users to download.

Check our homepage for the most recent version of BMW8.TTF. It may already contain the symbol you desire.


Screen Elements / Menus - Screen Elements / Menus
Screen Elements / Menus

In previous chapters, you were introduced to several elements of the main screen and its menus. This chapter identifies all the screen elements and the main menu choices. The Dialog Boxes resulting from some of these menu choices are described in more detail in the next chapter.


The Main Screen

More:

Title Bar

Menu Bar

Toolbar

Music Window

Code Window

Separator Line


Title Bar

Displays the phrase "Bagpipe Reader" and the file name of the tune currently open.


Menu Bar

Displays the Top Level Menus.


Toolbar

The toolbars provide quick access to the most common operations.


Music Window

The top window is the "Music Window" which displays bagpipe music based on the codes entered in the Code Window.


Code Window

The bottom window is the "Code Window" where codes for the various melody notes, gracenotes, embellishments, and other symbols of a tune are entered.


Separator Line

The horizontal line that separates the Code and Music Windows is called the "Separator Line". The Separator Line can be adjusted to make the Code Window larger (and correspondingly the Music Window smaller) or vice-versa. To do this drag the Separator Line up or down


File Menu

New

Opens a new tune window.

Open

Opens an existing tune file into a new window.

Close

Closes the current tune windows and closes the associated file.

Save

Saves the codes in the current Code Window to the associated file. BWW is the default extension and it is recommended that people use this extension for two reasons:

•	The BWW extension is associated with the Bagpipe Reader program. This means that you can double click on a BWW file in Windows Explorer or File Manager and Bagpipe Reader will run and open the file.

•	The BWW extension is the primary, visible method used to identify files created by the Windows version of Bagpipe Reader compared to files created by an older DOS version of a bagpipe software product.

The first time a tune is saved, Bagpipe Reader uses the words in the Tune Title as the file name. Before pressing OK to save the file, ensure that there are no illegal characters in the file name (e.g.  \ / : * ? " < > | ) as an error will be produced.

Save As

Permits a different filename to be specified and defaults to the BWW extension. Codes in the current Code Window are saved to that file.

Save As MIDI

Used to save the music as a MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) format file. MIDI files are very compact (a four part 2/4 competition march is typically 8-10Kbytes) and can be played on any computer with a sound card using the Windows MediaPlayer program.

Permits a new filename to be specified and then saves the music in MIDI format.

To ensure that the tune name, composer and any copyright information gets included with the music in the MIDI file, Bagpipe Reader writes the following text strings into the MIDI file:

•	The text in the Tune Title.

•	"Composed By: " followed by the text in the Composer/Arranger field, followed by the text in the Footer field.

See the chapter on Responsible Use of Bagpipe Reader for details on how to respect and acknowledge composer's copyrights and intellectual property.

Save As Image

Used to save the music as a monochrome BMP or PCX format file. All Windows versions can read and write BMP files. Earlier Windows versions can read and write PCX files but later Windows versions can only read PCX files. However, a PCX file of bagpipe music is 3-5 times smaller than the BMP file of the same music.

Permits a filename and graphics file format (BMP or PCX) to be specified and then saves the music in the file in the chosen graphics file format.

The resolution of the resulting file depends on the value in the Zoom combo box.. Zoom values of 100% and 200% produce images with approximately 150 dpi and 300 dpi respectively.

Print Setup

Allows selection of the printer to send print output to. Defaults to the Windows default printer. Paper size, source and orientation should be set in Page Setup.

Page Setup

Opens a dialog box for configuring the page. See chapter on Page Setup for details.

Print Preview

Displays the music on screen as it would appear on a printed page. In this mode, the cursor is a magnifying glass and clicking the left mouse button zooms in (can zoom in twice then goes back to regular magnification).

Print

Send print output to the currently selected printer. Allows the number of copies to be specified. If a tune is long enough to span several pages and if the multiple pages option is set in Page Setup, a range of page numbers can be specified for print.

Most Recently Used Files

The filenames of the four most recently used files are in this section. Clicking on one of these filenames opens the file.

Exit

Exits Bagpipe Reader. Prompts are displayed to close any open files that have not been recently saved.


Edit Menu

Note: The Edit Menu commands only work in the Code Window. Make sure that you have clicked on a point inside the Code Window for these commands to work.

Undo

Reverses the last action performed.

Cut, Delete

Cut removes the current highlighted text and transfers it to the Clipboard. Delete removes the current highlighted text without transfering it to the Clipboard.

Copy

If the "Code Window" is selected, it transfers a copy of the current highlighted text to the Clipboard.

If the "Music Window" is selected, it transfers a copy of the music to the Clipboard for insertion into a file as an OLE object.  For example, if you had an MS Word document open after a copy, a paste operation would insert a copy of the "Music Window" display into the document.

Paste

Inserts the contents of the Clipboard at the point where the flashing cursor is.

Because of the repetition of bars and phrases in bagpipe music, Cut, Copy, Paste and Delete can be used to duplicate the codes for these bars and phrases from one part to the next OR from one open tune window to another open tune window.

Find

Allows a text phrase to be located in the Code Window from the flashing cursor point downward. The function is useful in locating mis-spelled symbol names that Bagpipe Reader reports when a tune's Music Window is refreshed.

Find Next

Allows the next occurence of the text phrase to be located in the Code Window from the flashing cursor point downward. The function is useful in locating multiple occurences of mis-spelled symbol names that Bagpipe Reader reports when a tune's Music Window is refreshed.

Replace

Allows one text string to be replaced with another. The replacement operation can be done in two modes: user prompt before initiating the replacement or automatic replacement of all located text strings.

The Replace function allows multiple occurences of a mis-spelled symbol to be replaced with the correct spelling of the symbol.

Select All

Highlights all text in the Code Window.

Word Wrap

Causes all the text to appear in the visible part of the Code Window.


Configure Menu

Set Font

Note: This command only works on text items that have been selected (i.e. clicked on) in the Music Window.

Allows the font, font style, point size and other effects to be modified for the selected text. In addition, the text type (e.g. Tune Title, Tune Type, Composer/Arranger, etc.) and text alignment (e.g. Left, Center, Right, Absolute) of the selected text to be modified. See the chapter on Text Formatting for details.

Set Play Options

Allows modification of gracenote durations, tempo, MIDI notes and frequencies for bagpipe chanter notes & drones, MIDI instrument to play out on, MIDI note mappings (e.g. Low A at B flat, Low A at A natural, or User Defined), Smooth Playing Factors, Drone Introduction duration, and Moving Music Pointer. Also, includes Sound Tests for PC Speaker and MIDI Note. See chapter on Setting the Play Options for details.

Volume

Allows MIDI volume of chanter, tenor drone, and bass drone to be set from 0 to 100% in 10% increments.


View Menu

Toolbar

Displays a toolbar for the common commands on the File and Edit menus just below the Top Level Menu Bar. This toolbar is dockable, i.e. can be moved to a different location on the screen.

Status Bar

Displays a status line at the bottom of the screen.

Set Tab Stops

Sets the location that tabs will jump to (i.e. if set to 8, tabs will jump to the 8th, 16th, 24th, etc. character locations in the Code Window).

Refresh Music

Converts the codes in the Code Window into bagpipe music in the Music Window. There is a Refresh Music icon to the left of the Zoom combo box that does the same operation.


Player Menu

Note: Player menu commands work as follows:

•	If music has been selected in the current Music Window, the Player commands work on the selected music. Music can be selected by dragging a box around the particular music passage or by clicking in the left margin next to a line of music (the music is then selected from that point forward). Selected music appears in a different colour (default is red).

•	If music has not been selected in the current Music Window, the Player commands work on all music in the Music Window.

Each of these player menu commands has a corresponding VCR controls style icon.

Play

Plays the music on the sound device shown in the MIDI Device list box.

Continuous

Repeatedly plays the music on the sound device shown in the MIDI Device list box.

Stop

Pauses the playing at the point in the music this menu choice was selected. Selecting Play resumes playing of the music from the paused point.

Rewind

Resets the playing start point to the beginning of the selected music or the beginning of the music in the Music Window.


Window Menu

Note: Bagpipe Reader conforms to the Windows Multiple Document Interface. This means that multiple tunes can be opened up, each in their own window, and worked on at the same time. Also, codes from one tune's Code Window can be copied to the Clipboard and then inserted into the Code Window of another opened tune.

Cascade

Arranges the open windows in an overladen fashion, with just the title bar of each tune's window visible.

Tile

Arranges the open windows so that each window is visible.

Arrange Icons

If each open window is minimized, arranges the minimized windows along the bottom of the screen.

Open Windows

This section of the Window Menu lists the title bar of each open window. By clicking on the appropriate name, that tune's window is brought to the front.


Help Menu

Help Topics

Displays the various Help Topics for Bagpipe Reader.

About Bagpipe Reader

Displays identifying information and acknowledgements for Bagpipe Reader.


Formatting the Page - Formatting the Page
Formatting the Page

The strength of the DOS version of Bagpipe Reader was the high quality of its printed music. It was used to produce twelve professional pipe music collections. Bagpipe Reader continues this tradition and adds more options for laying out one or more tunes on a printed page(s).

These options are included not just for composers who want to produce a collection of pipe music but also for pipers who want their personal music or band music to look as good as that found in collections. This chapter explains the various parameters that can be adjusted to give your music the desired look.


The Page Setup Screen

Page Layout

Paper

Orientation

Margins

Spread Tune to Fit

Scale Options

Justify

Buttons


Page Layout

Graphic of Page

Shows how the page layout will look.  As you change the orientation options, the page layout example changes.


Paper

Size

Source


Formatting the Page - Paper - Size
Specifies the size of the paper or envelope you want to use..


Source
Specifies where the paper you want to use is located in the printer.  Different printer models support different paper sources, such as the upper tray, envelope feed, and manual feed.


Orientation

Portrait

Landscape


Portrait
Shows how the tune is positioned on the page.

To see an example on the sample page, click Portrait or Landscape.


Landscape
Shows how the tune is positioned on the page.

To see an example on the sample page, click Portrait or Landscape.


Margins

Left

Right

Top

Bottom


Formatting the Page - Margins - Left
Sets the printing area of the page.  The margins you set here are never printed on.

This specifies the left edge margin on the page.

Note that this margin value is assigned the top edge value when changing from portrait to landscape.


Formatting the Page - Margins - Right
Sets the printing area of the page.  The margins you set here are never printed on.

This specifies the right edge margin on the page.

Note that this margin value is assigned the bottom edge value when changing from portrait to landscape.


Top
Sets the printing area of the page.  The margins you set here are never printed on.

This specifies the top edge margin on the page.

Note that this margin value gets assigned the right edge value when changing from portrait to landscape.


Bottom
Sets the printing area of the page.  The margins you set here are never printed on.

This specifies the bottom edge margin on the page.

Note that this margin value gets assigned the left edge value when changing from portrait to landscape.


Spread Tune to Fit

Horizontally

Vertically

Align Bars

Space


Horizontally
Adjusts the staff width to fit between the left and right margins for a given page size.


Vertically
Adjusts the vertical spacing between staffs to fit the music evenly between the top and bottom margins for a given page size.

This setting only works if "To Fit Print Area" in Scale Options is selected.


Align Bars
Enables bars of music to be vertically aligned across staffs i.e. Bar 1 of Line 1 is vertically aligned with Bar 1 of Line 2, 3, 4 etc. Alignment begins with bars on the right side of the staff and proceeds leftward. The width of each bar is based on the bar widths in Line 1.


Space
Allows the horizontal spacing between melody notes to be adjusted from its automatically calculated value (which is 100%). Decreasing the percentage will push the melody notes closer together. Increasing the percentage will push the melody notes further apart.

Generally, this value should be decreased from 100% for dense tunes (i.e. many symbols on a staff).


Scale Options

To Fit Print Area

Multiple Pages

X Scale Symbols

Y Scale Symbols

Staff Height


To Fit Print Area
Scales the music horizontally and vertically to fit on the selected page between the set margins for the selected paper size.


Multiple Pages
Allows the music to span across multiple pages. This option should be selected when printing piobaireachd or many tunes of a medley on small paper sizes (to avoid very small music rendering).


X Scale Symbols
Allows the horizontal width of the music symbols to be adjusted from their automatically calculated values (which is 100%). Decreasing the percentage "squishes" the symbols horizontally. Increasing the percentage expands the symbols horizontally.

Generally, this value should be decreased from 100% for dense tunes (i.e. many symbols on a staff).


Y Scale Symbols
Allows the vertical height of the music symbols and the staff to be adjusted from their automatically calculated values (which is 100%). Decreasing the percentage "squishes" the symbols and staff vertically. Increasing the percentage expands the symbols and staff vertically.

Generally, this value should be increased from 100% to make the music appear larger.


Staff Height
Allows the staff height to be set to a particular value in inches. The default value is 0.25". This setting is used when preparing tunes for pipe music collections to ensure that the music is presented on staffs of the same height.

If the staff height is set to zero (0), Bagpipe Reader automatically calculates the staff height based on the other page setup parameters. This will cause music with not many symbols and staffs to be printed quite large. This is appropriate when printing music for children and for people with reduced vision, where the need to show large embellishments and melody notes is desired.

However, a zero setting for staff height will also cause music with many symbols and staffs to be printed quite small. Making the music print larger in this situation involves adjustments to each of the Spacing, X Scale Symbols, and Y Scale Symbols percentages and requires experimentation to find the right set of values for a tune.

It is generally recommended to use a fixed staff height and then to adjust the Spacing and X Scale Symbol percentages to fit the music between the left and right margins.


Justify

Left

Right

Center


Formatting the Page - Justify - Left
These options are seldom used and only work when "Spread Tune to Fit Horizontally" is not enabled. It is used to left align a segment of music on the page between the margins.


Formatting the Page - Justify - Right
These options are seldom used and only work when "Spread Tune to Fit Horizontally" is not enabled. It is used to right align a segment of music on the page between the margins.


Formatting the Page - Justify - Center
These options are seldom used and only work when "Spread Tune to Fit Horizontally" is not enabled. It is used to center a segment of music on the page between the margins.


Buttons

OK

Cancel

Printer..


OK
Closes this dialog box and saves any changes you have made.


Cancel
Closes this dialog box wihout saving any changes you have made.


Printer..
Enables you to change printer options.


Placing & Formating Text

Bagpipe Reader has a variety of text placement and formating options needed for typesetting both light music and piobaireachd. This chapter illustrates these options and provides information on how to use them to the best effect.


The Set Font Screen

More:

Font

Font Style

Size

Strikeout

Underline

Sample

Color

Text Tags

Text

Text Type

Alignment and Coordinates


Font
Lists the available fonts.


Font Style
Lists the available styles for the specified fonts.


Placing & Formatting Text - The Set Font Screen - Size
List the available point sizes for the specified fonts.

The size (in points. There are 72 points to 1 inch) to render the font and its style. The combo box lists several choices however a number can be typed into the field to render the font and its style at that specific size.


Strikeout
Specifies whether the font should appear with strikeout effects


Underline
Specifies whether the font should appear with underline effects.


Sample
Shows a sample of how text will appear with the specified font settings.


Color
Lists the available colors for the specified font.

A listing of various colors that the font and its style will be rendered in. Colors will only be shown on color printers; images created using Save As Image appear in black and white only.


Text Tags

Bagpipe Reader uses "Text Tags" to contain text strings and placement and formating information. They are inserted into the Code Window and made visible in the Music Window using the following steps:

•	Click the left mouse button in the Code Window at the location to insert the Text Tag.

•	Click the right mouse button. Select Text then the appropriate Text Type.

•	Click on the Refresh button to make the formatted and placed text appear in the Music Window.

Once inserted and made visible in the Music Window, the formating and placement of the Text Tag can be modified as follows:

•	In the Music Window, locate the appropriate text item and click on it with the left mouse button. A box will be drawn around the item.

•	Click on Configure, Set Font to bring up the placement and formating dialog box.

Text Tags are identifiable in the Code Window as a text string starting and ending with a double quote character (") followed by formatting codes starting with the opening round bracket "(" and ending with the closing round bracket ")"  e.g.

"Scotland The Brave",(T,L,0,0,Times New Roman,16,700,0,0,18,0,0,0)

Generally, Text Tags are placed before the beginning of the codes for the music, except for In-Line Text Tags. Note: Any Text Tags can be deleted from the Code Window without consequence  i.e. the tune still can be printed and played with no Text Tags used.

A listing of the installed TrueType fonts (work on any printer) as well as the printer specific fonts (work on only the currently selected printer).


Text
The actual text. It can be modified by changing the contents in this field.


Text Type

The categories of typical bagpipe music text types. The following is an explanation of each type.

Tune Title

The name of the tune.

Tune Type

The type of music e.g. March, Reel, Jig, etc. This field is used to determine the default tune tempo, if no tempo indicator is specified.

•	μαρχη	march –  84 BPM

•	στρατησπεψ	strathspey – 130 BPM

•	ρεελ	reel –  98 BPM

•	ϕιγ	jig –  132 BPM

•	ρετρεατ	retreat march – 94 BPM

•	ηορνπιπε	hornpipe – 94 BPM

•	αιρ	air – 46 BPM

•	σλοω	slow air – 46 BPM

•	γαελιχ	gaelic air – 46 BPM

•	σλοω	slow march – 46 BPM

Composer

The name of the composer. The name of the arranger can be placed in this field however it should be preceeded by "Arranged By: ".

Footer

Text that appears at the bottom of each page.

Fixed

Text that appears at an exact location horizontal and vertical location (x,y), in inches, on each page.  The coordinate (0,0) is the top left of the page.

In-Line

Text that appears between two staff lines and is placed above and left aligned with the left edge of the music symbol that follows this Text Tag. In-Line text is frequently used in piobaireachd e.g. Ground, Variation 1, Taorluath Doubling, etc.

Comment

Text that appears in the Code Window but does not appear in the Music Window or on the printed sheet. The Comment text tag does not appear in the Set Font Dialog Box (because the text does not appear in the Music Window) but does appear on the Right Mouse Button Menus. Comments are used to provide descriptions about the music passages e.g. "First Part", "Third Part", etc.


Alignment and Coordinates
The horizontal alignment of the text: Left, Center, Right, or Absolute aligned.

More:

Left

Right

Center

Absolute

Coordinates

Coordinates Y

Alignment Examples


Placing & Formatting Text - Alignment and Coordinates - Left
Left aligned means with aligned with the Left Margin


Placing & Formatting Text - Alignment and Coordinates - Right
Right aligned means aligned with the Right Margin


Placing & Formatting Text - Alignment and Coordinates - Center
Center aligned means centered in the printable area between the left and right margins


Absolute
Absolute aligned means located at a given point on the page


Coordinates
Coordinates are in inches, apply only to Absolute alignment, and are referenced from the left edge and top edge of the page.


Coordinates Y
Coordinates are in inches, apply only to Absolute alignment, and are referenced from the left edge and top edge of the page.


Alignment Examples

The following table shows the horizontal alignments that can be applied to each Text Type.

* Fixed text is left aligned with the "From Left" position on the page.
** In-Line text is left aligned with the left edge of the symbol following the Text Tag.

Vertical alignment of the various Text Types is as follows:

•	Tune Title, Tune Type and Composer are all vertically aligned on a baseline such that the top of the tallest character in the three strings touches the top margin.

•	Footer is vertically aligned such that the baseline for its text touches the bottom margin.

•	Fixed text is vertically aligned so that the top of the tallest character in the string touches the "From Top" line given in the coordinates.

•	In-Line text is vertically aligned between two staffs.

Placement of In-Line Text

The following example illustrates how In-Line text can be placed over any symbol on the staff. Note how the phrase "I. Ground" is left aligned over the G clef and how "podro" is left aligned over the C eighth note.

"I. Ground",(I,L,0,0,Times New Roman,12,700,0,0,18,0,0,0)

& sharpf sharpc C

I!	gg E_4 'e

podro "podro",(I,L,0,0,Times New Roman,10,700,255,0,18,0,0,0) C_8

gg B_4

pdare F_4	!I


Adjusting Playing Options - Adjusting Playing Options
Adjusting Playing Options

While producing publication printed output, Bagpipe Reader also produces high quality playing of both light music and piobaireachd. As discussed earlier, with the right type of sound card, tunes can be played using a professional piper quality bagpipe sound. This chapter explains how to adjust various playing parameters to make the performance as good as the sound.


The Play Options Screen

Note that the values shown on these screens are saved with the tune. This allows each tune to have its own custom playing options.

More:

General Settings Section

Midi Note Mapping Section

Note Mapping Defaults Section

Drone Settings

Sound Test Section


General Settings Section

Gracenote Duration

The duration in milliseconds of a single gracenote or gracenotes in embellishments in light music.

Tempo

The beats per minute for a tune. This value adjusts the tempo in the first TuneTempo tag encountered in the tune.

Smooth Playing Factor A

The percentage of an embellishments duration that is subtracted from the melody note that follows an embellishment. This parameter is used to smooth out stilted playing in light music and some piobaireachd embellishments.

A value of 100 causes the total duration of an embellishment to be subtracted from the melody note that follows it. Tunes are played exactly in time but may sound a bit stilted at faster tempos.

A value of 0 causes none of the total duration of an embellishment to be subtracted from the melody note that follows it. Each embellishment and melody note is played to its full duration but the tempo of the tune speeds up in passages with not many embellishments and slows down in passages with several embellishments.

A value of between 60 and 70 generally achieves a good flow to the tune without noticeably changing the tempo.

Smooth Playing Factor B

The percentage of an embellishments duration that is subtracted from the melody note that precedes an embellishment. This parameter is used specifically to smooth out stilted playing only for piobaireachd abbreviations for leumluaths, taorluaths, and crunluaths.

A value of 100 causes the total duration of the embellishment to be subtracted from the melody note that precedes it. Tunes are played exactly in time but may sound a bit clipped.

A value of 0 causes none of the total duration of an embellishment to be subtracted from the melody note that precedes it. Each embellishment and melody note is played to its full duration but the tempo of the tune wanders if non-leumluath, taorluath or crunluath embellishments are in the music passage.

A value of between 60 and 70 generally achieves a good flow to the tune without noticeably changing the tempo.

Drone Introduction

The duration (milliseconds) the drone notes are played before the chanter notes begin.

Moving Music Pointer

Enables a small colored ball to hover over the note or embellishment that is currently being played. Enabling the Moving Music Pointer and reducing the tempo is helpful for beginners to match the displayed music with the sound being emitted.


Midi Note Mapping Section

A matrix of Midi notes for each note of the chanter with its flat, natural, and sharp sounds. These values will change depending on the Note Mapping Default chosen.


Note Mapping Defaults Section

Low A at B flat

Clicking this SET button causes the values in the Midi Note Mapping Section to change to values based upon Low A Natural at a B flat pitch of 466 Hz.

Low A at A natural

Clicking this SET button causes the values in the Midi Note Mapping Section to change to values based upon Low A Natural at an A natural pitch of 440 Hz.

User Defined

Clicking this SET button causes the values in the Midi Note Mapping Section to change to values programmed in by the user. See the section below on "Programming User Defined Values" for details on how to program your own values for Midi notes and frequency values.


Drone Settings

Chanter Instrument

The Midi Instrument number for the Chanter's Midi notes to be played on. The numbers begin at 0 and end at 127. The number for the Bagpipe is 109 however on most sound cards this results in a very poor imitiation of a bagpipe sound.

Bagpipe Reader defaults to instrument 71 (Clarinet) which produces a sound similar to a small pipe. Other value to try are 70 and 111.

Drone Instrument

The Midi Instrument number for the Drone's Midi notes to be played on. The numbers begin at 0 and end at 127. The number for the Bagpipe is 109 however on most sound cards this results in a very poor imitiation of a bagpipe sound.

Bagpipe Reader defaults to instrument 71 (Clarinet) which produces a sound similar to a small pipe. Other value to try are 70 and 111. The Drone Instrument can be different from the Chanter Instrument number.

Bass Drone Note

The Midi note for the Bass Drone sound. This should be set two octaves (24 Midi notes) below the Low A natural Midi note.

Tenor Drone Note

The Midi note for the Tenor Drone sound. This should be set one octave (12 Midi notes) below the Low A natural Midi note.


Sound Test Section

PC Speaker

Clicking the Test button emits a sound from the PC Speaker at the given frequency value. The value can be adjusted to determine which frequencies match the notes on your practise chanter. Once determined, these values can be programmed into the User Defined  Settings.

MIDI Note

Clicking the Test button emits a sound from the Sound Card at the given Midi note.

Frequency Mappings Button

Clicking this button brings up the dialog box on the following page. The frequency settings (in Hz) can be modified for each note on the chanter and its flat, natural, and sharp sounds. Clicking OK preserves these settings.

Gracenote Durations Button

Clicking this button brings up the dialog box on the following page. It is used to adjust the durations of the various gracenotes used in light music and piobaireachd. Clicking OK preserves these settings. A table of the categories, their description and default values is given below.

Programming User Defined Values

Clicking the User Defined button (next to the Cancel button) stores the Midi Note Mappings (including Bass and Tenor Drone Notes) and Frequency Mappings in a User Defined Profile section. This profile can be recalled by pressing the Set User Defined button in the Note Mapping Defaults section.

Note: If you do not want to use the F sharp and C sharp symbols in printed music but want the F and C to produce their proper bagpipe note sound when playing, copy the values from the C sharp and F sharp fields in the C natural and F natural fields, respectively, then program this setting by pressing the User Defined button. Saving the tune will also save these settings in the tune file. However, changing the MIDI notes in this manner is NOT recommended because it produces a non-standard tune file.


Special Features - Special Features
Special Features

Bagpipe Reader has several special features for printing and playing multiple tunes. The features are ideal for producing band sheet music, a professional bagpipe music collection, or listening to tune combinations for a new medley. Also, Bagpipe Reader's ability to handle multiple tempo and time signature changes in a tune (or tunes) makes it very appropriate for many contemporary compositions and piobaireachds.

This chapter explains how to utilize these features to achieve profound printed and audible music effects.


Working on More Than One Tune at a Time

Bagpipe Reader supports the Multiple Document Interface which allows multiple documents (tunes) to be open at any one time. To accomplish this, just click File, Open and select the tune to open. Repeat these steps for as many tunes as you desire.

To move between open windows, click Window on the Main Menu bar and then select the desired window. With multiple tunes open, codes for tunes can be easily copied from one tune to another.


Printing More Than One Tune on a Page(s)

•	As described above, open each tune that you want to place on a page(s) into a tune window.

•	Change the File, Page Setup parameters in each tune to the same page layout settings. Use To Fit Print Area to compress the tunes onto a single page, otherwise select Multiple Pages.

•	Click File, New to open a new tune window. In the Code Window, highlight the codes and press Delete to remove all codes from the window.

•	For the first tune to appear on the page, highlight all the codes in its Code Window and press Ctrl-C to copy the codes.

•	Change to the new tune's Code Windows and press Ctrl-V to paste the tune into the window.

•	Change to the window for the second tune to appear and highlight and copy the contents of its Code Window. Change to the new tune's Code Window, & paste the second tune's codes following the first tune's codes.

•	Repeat the above step for as many tunes as you want to fit on a page(s).

•	Save and print the multiple tune file.


Object Linking and Embedding

Bagpipe Reader is an Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) compliant application. This means that bagpipe music contained in  BWW  extension files can be linked or embedded in another application (such as Microsoft Office Word, Microsoft Office PowerPoint, Adobe Pagemaker, Corel Draw, etc.) using the Insert, Object menu command.

Once linked or embedded, the bagpipe music will appear in that application. It can then be repositioned or resized. It can even be editted in place by double-clicking on the music. The OLE feature can be used to produce tutor books, exercise sheets, or even professional music collections, where more extensive text or graphics is desired to surround the music.

The most appropriate testament to the power of this feature is this help file. The manual was prepared using Microsoft Office 2000 with all music segments inserted as BWW objects into the document.

Note that the OLE capability of Bagpipe Reader only works with 32 bit Windows applications, not older 16 bit applications.


Time Signature Changes in a Tune

•	Time Signature changes can be placed anywhere in the music of a Bagpipe Reader file and will be correctly interpreted during playing.


Tempo Changes in a Tune

•	Tempo changes can be placed anywhere in the music of a Bagpipe Reader file using the  TuneTempo,xx   tag (where xx is the desired tempo in beats per minute).


Singling and Doubling Tempo Changes

•	The  VariationTempo,(ss,dd)  tag can be used to indicate a particular tempo (ss beats per minute) during the Singling variation and a different tempo (dd beats per minute) during the Doubling variation. The Variation must begin with a  segno  code  and end with a  dalsegno  code.


Using Bagpipe Reader Responsibly

Bagpipe Reader was built for exchanging and sharing of musical ideas.  Information was meant to be shared.  In this spirit, please pass along this program to others so they might benefit from musical idea sharing.