551 lines
16 KiB
TeX
551 lines
16 KiB
TeX
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% Goal: show enthousiasm, knowledge and drive about the field
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\title[STEP-UP: Interferometry in GRAND]{% and BEACON]{
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{ \large STEP'UP Interview}\\
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{
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Investigating interferometry in\\
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GRAND\footnote{Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection}
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% and BEACON\footnote{Beam forming Elevated Array for COsmic Neutrinos}
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}
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}
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\date{June, 2023}
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\author[E.T. de Boone]{
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E.T. de Boone
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\\
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\vspace{2em}
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Advisors: Olivier Martineau, LPNHE\\
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\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\, Harm Schoorlemmer, IMAPP
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}
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\begin{document}
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{
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\setbeamertemplate{footline}{} % no page number here
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\frame{ \titlepage }
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}
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\section{My Background}
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\begin{frame}{My Background}
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Studies @Radboud University, Nijmegen
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Master's Physics and Astronomy {\small (\textit{1yr courses + 1yr internship})}\\
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\quad { \small Specialisation: Particle and Astrophysics }\\
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\quad { \small Minor: Computational Data Science }\\
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\vspace*{1em}
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\item Master's Internship: \\
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\quad {\small Supervisor: Harm Schoorlemmer, IMAPP, Radboud University}\\
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\quad {\small ``Enhancing Timing Accuracy in Air Shower Radio Detectors'' }\\
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\end{itemize}
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\vfill
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{beacon/array_setup_gps_transmitter_cows.png}
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\imagecredit{H. Schoorlemmer}
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]{
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\item Interests since Bachelor's, continued in Master's
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Ultra High Energy particles
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\item Radio detection \& Hardware experimenting
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\end{itemize}
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\item Now wrapping up Master and full year's worth of internship
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\item Why start internship? (Experimental)
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}
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% Cosmic Rays and Radio
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%%%%%%%%%
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\section{Radio and Airshowers}
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\begin{frame}{Ultra High Energy particles}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{grand/astroparticletypes_grand.jpg}%
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\imagecite{GRAND:2018iaj}
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]
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{
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\item Ultra High Energies (EeV $10^{18}$ eV) (Sources)
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\item Propagation effects (Magnetic Field deflections, Horizons)
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\item Multiple classes (Different combinations of effects)
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}
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%%
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\begin{frame}{Air Showers: Atmospheric Depth \& Composition}
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\begin{columns}
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\begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
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\begin{figure}
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\hspace*{-1em}
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%\scriptsize{TODO: Xmax figure showing difference for photon/proton}
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%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1607.08781/fig02b_longitudinal_shower_profile.png}%
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%\imagecite{Schroder:2016hrv}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{airshower/shower_development_depth_iron_proton_photon.pdf}%
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\imagecredit{H. Schoorlemmer}
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\end{figure}
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
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Enhanced Xmax measurement with Interferometry\\
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$\mapsto$ composition measurement\\
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{2006.10348/fig03_b.png}%
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\imagecite{Schoorlemmer:2020low}
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\end{figure}
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%photon/proton/Fe differences\\
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%\begin{figure}
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% \centering
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% \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{2006.10348/fig01.png}%
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% \imagecite{Schoorlemmer:2020low}
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%\end{figure}
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%\vspace*{1em}
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\end{column}
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]
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{
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\item Statistical discrimation: high Z at high altitudes
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\item Radio Interferometry helps in Xmax measurement
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}
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% GRAND
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{GRAND}
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\begin{frame}{Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection}
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%\begin{columns}
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% \begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
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% \begin{figure}
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% \hspace*{-2em}
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% \includegraphics[width=1.3\textwidth]{grand/roadmap-per-2023-01-shortened.jpg}%
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% \end{figure}
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% \vfill
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% \end{column}
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% \hfill
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% \begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
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\begin{figure}
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% \hspace*{-2em}
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\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{grand/GRAND-detection-principle-1.png}%
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\imagecite{GRAND:2018iaj}
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\end{figure}
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% \end{column}
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%\end{columns}
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%200 000 Radio Antennas $\mapsto$ largest Cosmic Ray observatory\\
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\end{frame}
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\note[itemize]
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{
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\item GRAND radio-only, heavy development
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\item pathfinders upto 2026 (Auger reference, Europe testbed, China array)
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\item ultra high energy has low hits, need large area
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}
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% RI in GRAND
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%\section{Radio Interferometry}
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%\begin{frame}{Radio Interferometry}
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% \begin{columns}
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% \begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
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% Enhanced measurements:
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% \begin{itemize}
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% \item Shower depth \\
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% $\mapsto$ composition measurement\\
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% \item Shower axis reconstruction
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% \item Detector noise suppression\\
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% \end{itemize}
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%
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% \vspace*{2em}
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%
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% Problem: synchronisation $\Delta t < \frac{1}{4f}$\\
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% \end{column}
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% \begin{column}{0.4\textwidth}
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% \begin{figure}
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% \centering
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% \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{2006.10348/fig01_a.png}%
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% \imagecite{Schoorlemmer:2020low}
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% \end{figure}
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% \end{column}
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% \end{columns}
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%\end{frame}
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\section{Implementing Interferometry in GRAND}
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\begin{frame}{Time synchronisation}
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%\vspace*{-2em}
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Interferometry: Amplitude + Phase information\\
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\vspace*{ 0.8em }
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Required time accuracy $< \frac{1}{4f} \sim 1 \mathrm{ns}$ (GNSS $\gtrsim 5 \mathrm{ns}$)
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\vspace*{ 0.8em }
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%Problem: Interferometry requires $\Delta t < \frac{1}{4f}$\\
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%\vspace*{1em}
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Internship: \\
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\quad schemes to synchronise using extra physics band signal\\
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% \quad synchronisation with a single beacon in simulations\\ (algorithm)
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% \quad (pulse and single frequency)
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\vspace*{ 0.5em }
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\begin{columns}
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%\hfill
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\begin{column}{0.3\textwidth}
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\includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap/on-axis/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.repair_none.axis.trace_overlap.repair_none.pdf}%
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\vfill
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\includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.repair_none.scale4d.pdf}%
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\end{column}
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\hfill
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\begin{column}{0.3\textwidth}
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\includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap/on-axis/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.repair_phases.axis.trace_overlap.repair_phases.pdf}%
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\vfill
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\includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.repair_phases.scale4d.pdf}%
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\end{column}
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\hfill
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\begin{column}{0.3\textwidth}
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\includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap/on-axis/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.repair_full.axis.trace_overlap.repair_full.pdf}%
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\vfill
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\includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.repair_all.scale4d.pdf}%
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\end{column}
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\hfill
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}{Radio Interferometry and GRAND}
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\only<1>{\hspace*{-2em}}
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\includegraphics<1>[width=1.13\textwidth]{grand/roadmap-per-2023-01-shortened.jpg}%
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\includegraphics<2->[width=0.5\textwidth]{grand/roadmap-per-2023-01-shortened.jpg}%
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\imagesource{Adapted from \url{https://grand.cnrs.fr/overview/roadmap/}}
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\end{figure}
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\only<2-> {
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Timing Requirements:\\
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\quad synchronisation schemes investigated in internship,\\
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\quad opportunity to implement and test (e.g.~Nan\c{c}ay)\\
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}
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\only<3-> {
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\vspace*{1em}
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Interferometric Analyses:\\
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\quad enhances Xmax resolution\\
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}
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\vspace{\stretch{100}}
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%\vspace*{2em}
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%GRAND Goals:\\
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% \quad Largest UHECR observatory, \\
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% \quad Multi-messenger science case,\\
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% \quad meaningful contribution to a new experiment\\
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%\end{frame}
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%\begin{frame}{Radio Interferometry in GRAND}
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% \visible<2->{
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% \vspace*{\fill}
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% \begin{center}
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% \begin{minipage}{.6\textwidth}
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% \hrule
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% \centering
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% \vspace{ 2em }
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% \textit{Thank you!}
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% \end{minipage}
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% \end{center}
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% %\vspace{ 4em }
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% }
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\end{frame}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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% Backup slides
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\appendix
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\section{Supplemental material}
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\begin{frame}[c]
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\centering
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\Large {
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\textcolor{blue} {
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Supplemental material
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}
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}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}{Airshower development}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{1607.08781/fig02a_airshower+detectors.png}
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\imagecite{Schroder:2016hrv}
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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\subsection{Radio Emission}
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\begin{frame}{Polarised Radio Emission}
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\begin{columns}
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\begin{column}{0.2\textwidth}
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\centering
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Geosynchrotron
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{0.7\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{airshower/airshower_radio_polarisation_geomagnetic.png}%
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\end{column}
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\end{columns}
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\vfill
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\begin{columns}
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\begin{column}{0.2\textwidth}
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\centering
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Askaryan
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{0.7\textwidth}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{airshower/airshower_radio_polarisation_askaryan.png}%
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\imagecite{Huege:2017bqv}
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\end{column}
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\end{columns}
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% \vfill
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\end{frame}
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\subsubsection{Radio Interferometry}
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\begin{frame}{Radio Interferometry: Concept}
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\begin{columns}
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\begin{column}{0.4\textwidth}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics<1>[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/rit_schematic_base.pdf}%
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\includegraphics<2>[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/rit_schematic_far.pdf}%
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\includegraphics<3>[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/rit_schematic_close.pdf}%
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\includegraphics<4>[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/rit_schematic_true.pdf}%
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\end{figure}
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\end{column}
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\begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
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\vspace*{\fill}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item<1-> Measure signal $S_i(t)$ at antenna $\vec{a_i}$
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\item<2-> Calculate light travel time \\[5pt]
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\quad $\Delta_i(\vec{x}) = \frac{ \left| \vec{x} - \vec{a_i} \right| }{c} n_{eff}$
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\item<2-> Sum waveforms accounting \\
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for time delay \\[5pt]
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\quad $S(\vec{x}, t) = \sum S_i( t + \Delta_i(\vec{x}) )$
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\end{itemize}
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\vspace*{\fill}
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\begin{figure}% Spatially
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\includegraphics<1>[width=0.8\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/single_trace.png}%
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\includegraphics<2>[width=0.8\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap_bad.png}%
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\includegraphics<3>[width=0.8\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap_medium.png}%
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\includegraphics<4>[width=0.8\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap_best.png}%
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\end{figure}
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\end{column}
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}{Radio Interferometry: Image}
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{2006.10348/fig01.png}%
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\imagecite{Schoorlemmer:2020low}
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}{Radio Interferometry: Xmax Resolution vs Timing Resolution}
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{2006.10348/fig03_b.png}%
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\imagecite{Schoorlemmer:2020low}
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Synchronisation: Single frequency beacon}
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\begin{frame}{Short period beacon synchronisation}
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\begin{figure}
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%\centering
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\hspace*{-5em}
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\includegraphics<1>[width=1.3\textwidth]{beacon/08_beacon_sync_timing_outline.pdf}%
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\includegraphics<2>[width=1.3\textwidth]{beacon/08_beacon_sync_synchronised_outline.pdf}%
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\includegraphics<3>[width=1.3\textwidth]{beacon/08_beacon_sync_synchronised_period_alignment.pdf}%
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}{Time resolving short period beacon}
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics<1>[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.repair_none.scale4d.pdf}
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\includegraphics<2>[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.repair_phases.scale4d.pdf}
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\includegraphics<3>[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.repair_all.scale4d.pdf}
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\includegraphics<4>[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.no_offset.scale4d.pdf}
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\end{figure}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}{Time resolving short period beacon: phase vs full}
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\begin{columns}
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\begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
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{ Phase reparation }
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap/on-axis/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.repair_phases.axis.trace_overlap.repair_phases.pdf}%
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\vfill
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.repair_phases.scale4d.pdf}%
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\end{column}
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\hfill
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\begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
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{ Phase + Period reparation }
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap/on-axis/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.repair_full.axis.trace_overlap.repair_full.pdf}%
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\vfill
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.repair_all.scale4d.pdf}%
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\end{column}
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\end{columns}
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\end{frame}
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\subsection{Synchronisation: Expected Time Accuracies vs SNR}
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\begin{frame}
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{beacon/time_res_vs_snr.pdf}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
\begin{frame}
|
|
\begin{figure}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{pulse/time_res_vs_snr_multiple_dt.pdf}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
|
|
%%%%%%%%%%
|
|
\subsection{GNSS clock stability}
|
|
\begin{frame}{GNSS clock stability I}
|
|
\begin{columns}
|
|
\begin{column}{0.4\textwidth}
|
|
\begin{figure}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{grand/setup/antenna-to-adc.pdf}
|
|
\caption{
|
|
GRAND Digitizer Unit's ADC to antennae
|
|
}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
\end{column}
|
|
\hfill
|
|
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
|
|
\begin{figure}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{grand/setup/channel-delay-setup.pdf}%
|
|
\caption{
|
|
Channel filterchain delay experiment
|
|
}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
\end{column}
|
|
\end{columns}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\begin{frame}{GNSS clock stability II}
|
|
\begin{figure}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{grand/setup/grand-gps-setup.pdf}
|
|
\caption{
|
|
GNSS stability experiment
|
|
}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\subsubsection{In the field}
|
|
\begin{frame}{GNSS clock stability II}
|
|
\begin{columns}
|
|
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/IMG_20220819_154801.jpg}
|
|
\end{column}
|
|
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/IMG_20220815_161244.jpg}
|
|
\end{column}
|
|
\end{columns}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
\subsubsection{White Rabbit}
|
|
\begin{frame}{White Rabbit: GNSS}
|
|
\begin{figure}
|
|
\includegraphics<1>[width=\textwidth]{gnss/phase-delocked-gps-white-rabbit-setup-colored.pdf}
|
|
\includegraphics<2>[width=\textwidth]{gnss/phase-delocked-gps-white-rabbit-setup-colored.pdf}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
\begin{frame}{White Rabbit: Precision Time Protocol}
|
|
\begin{figure}
|
|
\includegraphics[height=\textheight]{white-rabbit/protocol/wrptpMSGs_1.pdf}
|
|
\imagecite{WRPTP}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
\begin{frame}{White Rabbit: Delay model}
|
|
\begin{figure}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{white-rabbit/protocol/delaymodel.pdf}
|
|
\imagecite{WRPTP}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
\begin{frame}{White Rabbit: Clocks Reference}
|
|
\begin{figure}
|
|
\centering
|
|
\hspace*{-5em}
|
|
\includegraphics[width=1.35\textwidth]{clocks/wr-clocks.pdf}
|
|
\end{figure}
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
|
|
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
|
|
% Bibliography
|
|
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
|
|
\section*{References}
|
|
\begin{frame}[allowframebreaks]
|
|
\frametitle{References}
|
|
\printbibliography
|
|
\end{frame}
|
|
\end{document}
|
|
|