m-thesis-documentation/presentations/2023-06-01_step_up_interview/2023-STEP_UP.tex

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\title[STEP-UP: Interferometry in GRAND]{% and BEACON]{
{ \large STEP'UP Interview}\\
{
Investigating interferometry in\\
GRAND\footnote{Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection}
% and BEACON\footnote{Beam forming Elevated Array for COsmic Neutrinos}
}
}
\date{June, 2023}
\author[E.T. de Boone]{
E.T. de Boone
\\
\vspace{2em}
Advisors: Olivier Martineau, LPNHE\\
\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\, Harm Schoorlemmer, IMAPP
}
\begin{document}
{
\setbeamertemplate{footline}{} % no page number here
\frame{ \titlepage }
}
\section{My Background}
\begin{frame}{My Background}
Studies @Radboud University, Nijmegen
\begin{itemize}
\item Master's Physics and Astronomy {\small (\textit{1yr courses + 1yr internship})}\\
\quad { \small Specialisation: Particle and Astrophysics }\\
\quad { \small Minor: Computational Data Science }\\
\vspace*{1em}
\item Master's Internship: \\
\quad {\small Supervisor: Harm Schoorlemmer, IMAPP, Radboud University}\\
\quad {\small ``Enhancing Timing Accuracy in Air Shower Radio Detectors'' }\\
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\note[itemize]{
\item Interests since Bachelor's, continued in Master's
\begin{itemize}
\item Ultra High Energy particles
\item Radio detection \& Hardware experimenting
\end{itemize}
\item Now wrapping up Master and full year's worth of internship
\item Why start internship? (Experimental)
}
% Cosmic Rays and Radio
%%%%%%%%%
\section{Radio and Airshowers}
\begin{frame}{Ultra High Energy particles}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{grand/astroparticletypes_grand.jpg}%
\imagecite{GRAND:2018iaj}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\note[itemize]
{
\item Ultra High Energies (EeV $10^{18}$ eV) (Sources)
\item Propagation effects (Magnetic Field deflections, Horizons)
\item Multiple classes (Different combinations of effects)
}
%%
\begin{frame}{Air Showers: Atmospheric Depth \& Composition}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
\begin{figure}
\hspace*{-1em}
%\scriptsize{TODO: Xmax figure showing difference for photon/proton}
%\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{1607.08781/fig02b_longitudinal_shower_profile.png}%
%\imagecite{Schroder:2016hrv}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{airshower/shower_development_depth_iron_proton_photon.pdf}%
\imagecredit{H. Schoorlemmer}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
Enhanced Xmax measurement with Interferometry\\
$\mapsto$ composition measurement\\
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{2006.10348/fig03_b.png}%
\imagecite{Schoorlemmer:2020low}
\end{figure}
%photon/proton/Fe differences\\
%\begin{figure}
% \centering
% \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{2006.10348/fig01.png}%
% \imagecite{Schoorlemmer:2020low}
%\end{figure}
%\vspace*{1em}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\note[itemize]
{
\item Statistical discrimation: high Z at high altitudes
\item Radio Interferometry helps in Xmax measurement
}
% GRAND
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{GRAND}
\begin{frame}{Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection}
%\begin{columns}
% \begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
% \begin{figure}
% \hspace*{-2em}
% \includegraphics[width=1.3\textwidth]{grand/roadmap-per-2023-01-shortened.jpg}%
% \end{figure}
% \vfill
% \end{column}
% \hfill
% \begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
\begin{figure}
% \hspace*{-2em}
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{grand/GRAND-detection-principle-1.png}%
\imagecite{GRAND:2018iaj}
\end{figure}
% \end{column}
%\end{columns}
%200 000 Radio Antennas $\mapsto$ largest Cosmic Ray observatory\\
\end{frame}
\note[itemize]
{
\item GRAND radio-only, heavy development
\item pathfinders upto 2026 (Auger reference, Europe testbed, China array)
\item ultra high energy has low hits, need large area
}
% RI in GRAND
%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%\section{Radio Interferometry}
%\begin{frame}{Radio Interferometry}
% \begin{columns}
% \begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
% Enhanced measurements:
% \begin{itemize}
% \item Shower depth \\
% $\mapsto$ composition measurement\\
% \item Shower axis reconstruction
% \item Detector noise suppression\\
% \end{itemize}
%
% \vspace*{2em}
%
% Problem: synchronisation $\Delta t < \frac{1}{4f}$\\
% \end{column}
% \begin{column}{0.4\textwidth}
% \begin{figure}
% \centering
% \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{2006.10348/fig01_a.png}%
% \imagecite{Schoorlemmer:2020low}
% \end{figure}
% \end{column}
% \end{columns}
%\end{frame}
\section{Implementing Interferometry in GRAND}
\begin{frame}{Time synchronisation}
%\vspace*{-2em}
Interferometry: Amplitude + Timing information of the $\vec{E}$-field\\
\vspace*{ 0.8em }
Required time accuracy $< \frac{1}{4f} \sim 1 \mathrm{ns}$ (GNSS $\gtrsim 5 \mathrm{ns}$)
\vspace*{ 0.8em }
%Problem: Interferometry requires $\Delta t < \frac{1}{4f}$\\
%\vspace*{1em}
Internship: \\
\quad schemes to synchronise using extra physics band signal\\
% \quad synchronisation with a single beacon in simulations\\ (algorithm)
% \quad (pulse and single frequency)
\vspace*{ 0.5em }
\begin{columns}
%\hfill
\begin{column}{0.3\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap/on-axis/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.repair_none.axis.trace_overlap.repair_none.pdf}%
\vfill
\includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.repair_none.scale4d.pdf}%
\end{column}
\hfill
\begin{column}{0.3\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap/on-axis/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.repair_phases.axis.trace_overlap.repair_phases.pdf}%
\vfill
\includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.repair_phases.scale4d.pdf}%
\end{column}
\hfill
\begin{column}{0.3\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap/on-axis/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.repair_full.axis.trace_overlap.repair_full.pdf}%
\vfill
\includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.repair_all.scale4d.pdf}%
\end{column}
\hfill
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Timing Synchronisation: Beacon}
\begin{figure}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node[anchor=south west, inner sep=0] (image) at (0,0) {\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{beacon/array_setup_gps_transmitter_cows.png}};
\begin{scope}[x={(image.south east)}, y={(image.north west)}]
%\draw[help lines,xstep=.1,ystep=.1] (0,0) grid (1,1);
%\foreach \x in {0,1,...,9} { \node [anchor=north] at (\x/10,0) {0.\x}; }
%\foreach \y in {0,1,...,9} { \node [anchor=east] at (0,\y/10) {0.\y}; }
\draw[red, ultra thick, visible on=<2>] (0.85,0.87) circle [radius=8mm];
\draw[green, ultra thick, visible on=<3>] (0.23,0.32) circle [radius=8mm];
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\imagecredit{H. Schoorlemmer}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\note{
Single frequency interest due to Auger (TV@67MHz)
}
\begin{frame}{Radio Interferometry in GRAND}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\only<1>{\hspace*{-2em}}
\includegraphics<1>[width=1.13\textwidth]{grand/roadmap-per-2023-01-shortened.jpg}%
\includegraphics<2->[width=0.5\textwidth]{grand/roadmap-per-2023-01-shortened.jpg}%
\imagesource{Adapted from \url{https://grand.cnrs.fr/overview/roadmap/}}
\end{figure}
\only<2-> {
Timing Requirements:\\
\quad synchronisation schemes investigated in internship,\\
\quad opportunity to implement and test (e.g.~Nan\c{c}ay)\\
}
\only<3-> {
\vspace*{1em}
Interferometric Analyses:\\
\quad enhances Xmax resolution\\
}
\vspace{\stretch{100}}
%\vspace*{2em}
%GRAND Goals:\\
% \quad Largest UHECR observatory, \\
% \quad Multi-messenger science case,\\
% \quad meaningful contribution to a new experiment\\
%\end{frame}
%\begin{frame}{Radio Interferometry in GRAND}
% \visible<2->{
% \vspace*{\fill}
% \begin{center}
% \begin{minipage}{.6\textwidth}
% \hrule
% \centering
% \vspace{ 2em }
% \textit{Thank you!}
% \end{minipage}
% \end{center}
% %\vspace{ 4em }
% }
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Backup slides
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\appendix
\section{Supplemental material}
\begin{frame}[c]
\centering
\Large {
\textcolor{blue} {
Supplemental material
}
}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Airshower development}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{1607.08781/fig02a_airshower+detectors.png}
\imagecite{Schroder:2016hrv}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\subsection{Radio Emission}
\begin{frame}{Polarised Radio Emission}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.2\textwidth}
\centering
Geosynchrotron
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.7\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{airshower/airshower_radio_polarisation_geomagnetic.png}%
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\vfill
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.2\textwidth}
\centering
Askaryan
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.7\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{airshower/airshower_radio_polarisation_askaryan.png}%
\imagecite{Huege:2017bqv}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
% \vfill
\end{frame}
\subsubsection{Radio Interferometry}
\begin{frame}{Radio Interferometry: Concept}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics<1>[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/rit_schematic_base.pdf}%
\includegraphics<2>[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/rit_schematic_far.pdf}%
\includegraphics<3>[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/rit_schematic_close.pdf}%
\includegraphics<4>[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/rit_schematic_true.pdf}%
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
\vspace*{\fill}
\begin{itemize}
\item<1-> Measure signal $S_i(t)$ at antenna $\vec{a_i}$
\item<2-> Calculate light travel time \\[5pt]
\quad $\Delta_i(\vec{x}) = \frac{ \left| \vec{x} - \vec{a_i} \right| }{c} n_{eff}$
\item<2-> Sum waveforms accounting \\
for time delay \\[5pt]
\quad $S(\vec{x}, t) = \sum S_i( t + \Delta_i(\vec{x}) )$
\end{itemize}
\vspace*{\fill}
\begin{figure}% Spatially
\includegraphics<1>[width=0.8\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/single_trace.png}%
\includegraphics<2>[width=0.8\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap_bad.png}%
\includegraphics<3>[width=0.8\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap_medium.png}%
\includegraphics<4>[width=0.8\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap_best.png}%
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Radio Interferometry: Image}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{2006.10348/fig01.png}%
\imagecite{Schoorlemmer:2020low}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Radio Interferometry: Xmax Resolution vs Timing Resolution}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{2006.10348/fig03_b.png}%
\imagecite{Schoorlemmer:2020low}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{Synchronisation: Single frequency beacon}
\begin{frame}{Short period beacon synchronisation}
\begin{figure}
%\centering
\hspace*{-5em}
\includegraphics<1>[width=1.3\textwidth]{beacon/08_beacon_sync_timing_outline.pdf}%
\includegraphics<2>[width=1.3\textwidth]{beacon/08_beacon_sync_synchronised_outline.pdf}%
\includegraphics<3>[width=1.3\textwidth]{beacon/08_beacon_sync_synchronised_period_alignment.pdf}%
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Time resolving short period beacon}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics<1>[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.repair_none.scale4d.pdf}
\includegraphics<2>[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.repair_phases.scale4d.pdf}
\includegraphics<3>[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.repair_all.scale4d.pdf}
\includegraphics<4>[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.no_offset.scale4d.pdf}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Time resolving short period beacon: phase vs full}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
{ Phase reparation }
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap/on-axis/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.repair_phases.axis.trace_overlap.repair_phases.pdf}%
\vfill
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.repair_phases.scale4d.pdf}%
\end{column}
\hfill
\begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
{ Phase + Period reparation }
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/trace_overlap/on-axis/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.repair_full.axis.trace_overlap.repair_full.pdf}%
\vfill
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{radio_interferometry/dc_grid_power_time_fixes.py.X400.repair_all.scale4d.pdf}%
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\subsection{Synchronisation: Expected Time Accuracies vs SNR}
\begin{frame}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{beacon/time_res_vs_snr.pdf}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{pulse/time_res_vs_snr_multiple_dt.pdf}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{GNSS clock stability}
\begin{frame}{GNSS clock stability I}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{grand/setup/antenna-to-adc.pdf}
\caption{
GRAND Digitizer Unit's ADC to antennae
}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\hfill
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{grand/setup/channel-delay-setup.pdf}%
\caption{
Channel filterchain delay experiment
}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{GNSS clock stability II}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{grand/setup/grand-gps-setup.pdf}
\caption{
GNSS stability experiment
}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\subsubsection{In the field}
\begin{frame}{GNSS clock stability II}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/IMG_20220819_154801.jpg}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/IMG_20220815_161244.jpg}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\subsubsection{White Rabbit}
\begin{frame}{White Rabbit: GNSS}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics<1>[width=\textwidth]{gnss/phase-delocked-gps-white-rabbit-setup-colored.pdf}
\includegraphics<2>[width=\textwidth]{gnss/phase-delocked-gps-white-rabbit-setup-colored.pdf}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{White Rabbit: Precision Time Protocol}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[height=\textheight]{white-rabbit/protocol/wrptpMSGs_1.pdf}
\imagecite{WRPTP}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{White Rabbit: Delay model}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{white-rabbit/protocol/delaymodel.pdf}
\imagecite{WRPTP}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{White Rabbit: Clocks Reference}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\hspace*{-5em}
\includegraphics[width=1.35\textwidth]{clocks/wr-clocks.pdf}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Bibliography
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section*{References}
\begin{frame}[allowframebreaks]
\frametitle{References}
\printbibliography
\end{frame}
\end{document}